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71.
Agricultural landscapes of the southern Brazilian Amazon are the result of 80 years of governmental policies to install a powerful agricultural sector. Yet, this rapid expansion raised important environmental considerations especially with regard to deforestation. The agricultural frontier is thus now facing a huge challenge: to combine socioeconomic development with environmental conservation in the context of frontier expansion. Based on a conceptual model of the agricultural frontier, we review historical changes in environmental and development policies in the Brazilian state of Mato Grosso and emphasize their ambivalent trend to both encourage and control the progress of the frontier. We then extend this model with an integration stage where environmental governance and economic development evolve from competing to complementary concepts. At this stage, the efforts to slow down deforestation are accompanied with programs to promote new agricultural practices and support industrialization. Finally, we put into perspective this recent evolution with regard to the underlying reasons for changing the agricultural model, thus considering the agricultural frontier to be at a tipping point where first positive results need to be confirmed in spite of an unstable economic and political situation. 相似文献
72.
Marta Guerra-Mota Thereza Aquino Isabel Soares 《Environment, Development and Sustainability》2018,20(1):213-230
Energy transitions are a complex technological-economic and social process. Currently, this involves the impact that innovation in technology and information as well as social practices can have on the way the energy is used. Therefore, business becomes much more complex and risky. In the particular case of the European Union, recent years were also marked by multiple changes at the political, economic, social and environmental context. Changes are already in course posing new challenges to European Electricity Utilities. The question that arises is how these subjects impact the structure, consolidation and governance of the electricity utilities and which drivers have the greatest impact on the speeding up the change. It is also our aim to understand how companies are responding to transition challenges in order to ensure the sustainability of their activities and their healthy stay in the market. In this article we present an insight of this issue through the analysis of thirteen indicators on the seven largest European energy utilities. Results allowed comprising the effects of the different economic and financial contexts on the variables under study. 相似文献
73.
Marques CC Gabriel SI Pinheiro T Viegas-Crespo AM da Luz Mathias M Bebianno MJ 《Chemosphere》2008,71(7):1340-1347
The potential use of metallothioneins (MTs) as biomarkers of trace metal contamination was evaluated for the first time in the Algerian mouse (Mus spretus). Mice were collected seasonally in an abandoned mining area (Aljustrel) and in a reference area, both located in southern Portugal. MT levels were quantified in liver and kidney by differential pulse polarography and hepatic elemental concentrations (Mn, Fe, Cu, Zn, Se) were determined by particle-induced X-ray emission. Hepatic iron and selenium concentrations were elevated in mice from Aljustrel mine when compared to reference animals. MTs levels were averagely higher in mice from Aljustrel than those originated from the reference area. A season-dependent significant effect was found on the hepatic and renal MT concentrations, characterized by higher levels in winter and lower in autumn. In contaminated mice positive relationship between liver elemental contents (Cu in autumn and Fe in winter) and MTs were found. The seasonal variation of MT suggests that probably physiological and environmental factors could influence hepatic and renal MT induction. Results seem to imply that some environmental disturbance occur in the vicinity of the Aljustrel mine. Therefore, for the management purposes MT levels should be followed in liver of M. spretus, especially in winter. Furthermore, other physiological factors that could influence MT expression and turnover in Algerian mouse should also be monitored. 相似文献
74.
Abad E Martínez K Gustems L Gómez R Guinart X Hernández I Rivera J 《Chemosphere》2007,67(9):1709-1714
This work summarizes the results of a ten year surveillance programme on PCDD/F in ambient air carried out in Catalonia (Spain). The study has been conducted by the Dioxin Laboratory of Spanish Council for Scientific Research (CSIC) in collaboration with the Environment Department of the Catalonian Government. 175 samples have been collected throughout Catalonia from 1994 to 2004. Different sampling locations classified as industrial, traffic, urban, suburban and rural sites have been monitored in order to find the most contaminated zones as well as the ones with expected background concentrations. The highest concentrations found in this study were determined at the industrial locations. Concentrations ranging from 5 to 1196 fg I-TEQ/m3, with a mean value of 140 fg I-TEQ/m3 and from 10 to 357 fg I-TEQ/m3, with a mean value of 72 fg I-TEQ/m3 were determined in industrial and traffic sampling points, respectively. In contrast, the lowest concentrations were found in rural stations, ranging from 5 to 45 fg I-TEQ/m3, with a mean value of 28 fg I-TEQ/m3. The PCDD/F concentration trend in Catalonian ambient air shown a clear drop of the median values occurred during the study sampling period. A decline of about 70% was observed from 1997-1998 to 2003-2004. 相似文献
75.
The environmental behaviour of polychlorinated phenols and its relevance to cork forest ecosystems: a review 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
McLellan I Carvalho M Silva Pereira C Hursthouse A Morrison C Tatner P Martins I San Romão MV Leitão M 《Journal of environmental monitoring : JEM》2007,9(10):1055-1063
Pentachlorophenol (PCP) has been used as a herbicide, biocide and preservative worldwide since the 1930s and as a result, extensive and prolonged contamination exists. The environmental impact increases when its many degradation products are taken into consideration. A number of chloroanisols and their related chlorophenols have been found in cork slabs collected from Portuguese oak tree forests before stopper manufacturing, and contamination by PCP and polychlorinated anisole (PCA) has been detected in Canadian forests. It is suggested that the use of polychlorinated phenols, in particular PCP, is thought to be a cause of the cork taint problem in wine, a major socio-economic impact not only for industry but on sensitive and highly biodiverse ecosystems. It also highlights particular issues relating to the regional regulation of potentially toxic chemicals and global economics world wide. To fully understand the impact of contamination sources, the mechanisms responsible for the fate and transport of PCP and its degradation products and assessment of their environmental behaviour is required. This review looks at the current state of knowledge of soil sorption, fate and bioavailability and identifies the challenges of degradation product identification and the contradictory evidence from field and laboratory observations. The need for a systematic evaluation of PCP contamination in relation to cork forest ecosystems and transfer of PCP between trophic levels is emphasised by discrepancies in bioaccumulation and toxicity. This is essential to enable long term management of not only transboundary contaminants, but also the sustainable management of socially and economically important forest ecosystems. 相似文献
76.
Evaluation of genotoxicity and toxicity of water and sediment samples from a Brazilian stream influenced by tannery industries 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
This paper reports results of genotoxicity and toxicity studies of water and sediment samples collected from the Estancia Velha stream of southern Brazil, a stream transporting both domestic sewage and effluents from regional factories working in the leather industry. Three sites were selected: in the stream headwaters (Site 1), located downstream of an urban area (Site 2), and near the basin outfall (Site 3). Results obtained with Allium cepa showed no evidence of chromosomal mutation, either in water or in sediment, during winter or summer seasons, but samples collected below Site 1 showed high toxicity. Physical and chemical analyses showed high concentrations of pollutants at these sites. Ecotoxicity tests with Daphnia magna and Ceriodaphnia dubia measured toxicity in water from Sites 2 and 3 in summer 2004. A toxic effect on Hyalella azteca was only found in sediment from Site 3 during winter 2003 and summer 2004. The results suggest that the synergy among different compounds in domestic and industrial sewage discharges can make it difficult to maintain system stability. 相似文献
77.
Kaluzhnaya OV Belikov SI Schröder HC Rothenberger M Zapf S Kaandorp JA Borejko A Müller IM Müller WE 《Die Naturwissenschaften》2005,92(3):128-133
In ancient Lake Baikal (East Siberia), freshwater sponges have diversified to an extraordinary degree. The skeleton of Lubomirskia baicalensis, which attains a size of up to 1 m, is constructed from spicules, which are cemented into longitudinal bundles. Our X-ray analysis revealed that the architecture of the specimens follows a highly ordered radiate accretive growth pattern. The spicules have a central axial canal with an axial filament inside. This organic filament is composed of silicatein, the major enzyme involved in silica formation of the spicules. We found that the specific activity of silicatein in samples from the non-growing (basal) zone is much lower than in those from the growth zone (tips) and that even the composition of this molecule differs in these regions. The present study shows for the first time that the turnover of silicatein, the major element of the axial canal of sponge spicules, changes within a sponge specimen depending on the region in which it is found. 相似文献
78.
Measurements of the variation of the carbon dioxide partial pressure in water were performed up to pCO2 and CO2 using 6.000 ppm. The consistent data so far obtained were compared with calculated pCO2 using the Lynan constants. A plot of the experimental and calculated data evidences that comparisons are only possible by using varying carbonate alkalinity. 相似文献
79.
It has been proposed that blue colouration in eggs has evolved as a signal of female quality that males can use to modulate
their parental investment. This hypothesis is based in the antioxidant properties of biliverdin whose costly deposition in
the eggshell is expected to signal female antioxidant capacity and egg quality. Since maternally derived androgens are costly
to produce and may adaptively affect offspring phenotype, high-quality females may benefit by signalling their androgen investment
through egg colouration. Our aim was to investigate whether egg colour variation in the spotless starling reflected the amount
of pigments on the eggshell and whether egg pigmentation was related to female and egg quality. Chromatography analyses revealed
that spotless starling eggshells contained two different pigments: biliverdin and protoporphyrin IX with no correlation between
them. Biliverdin contents correlated positively with egg colouration indicating that darker eggs with a higher peak in the
blue–green segment of the spectrum contained higher amounts of biliverdin. Eggs containing more biliverdin were laid by high-quality
females and contained higher yolk testosterone levels. However, despite the strong correlation between biliverdin and colorimetric
variables, egg colouration did not reflect accurately female and egg quality. Our results provide evidence that eggshell pigmentation
in the spotless starling is related to female and egg quality as shown by the yolk testosterone levels. However, the lack
of relation between egg colour and female condition and egg quality do not provide evidence to support the signalling function
of egg colouration. 相似文献
80.