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Jaime Mesa Iván Esparragoza Heriberto Maury 《International Journal of Sustainable Engineering》2019,12(1):2-17
The estimation of the sustainability performance of products requires tools to provide systematic approaches to the definition of impacts, indicators and comparative scenarios from early design stages. This paper illustrates the Relative Assessment of Indicators in Sustainability Enhancement (RAISE) methodology that is based on the measure of negative impacts generated during any product life cycle stage. This approach includes a systematic process for the definition and evaluation of indicators to compare the sustainability performance of products considering each indicator individually and using a holistic index of sustainability to entail an overall comparison between products from manufacturing scenarios. The RAISE method is developed with the aim of assessing sustainability performance of product life cycle stages and incorporating this assessment into the decision-making process when comparing different manufacturing scenarios. A guitar capo manufactured in polymeric material is used as case study to demonstrate the use of the method. In this paper, only the manufacturing stage is considered; however, the method can also be employed in other stages of the life cycle. 相似文献
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Martínez-salinas RI Pérez-Maldonado IN Batres-Esquivel LE Flores-Ramírez R Díaz-Barriga F 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2011,19(7):2658-2666
Purpose
The aim of this study was assess co-exposure to DDT, DDE (main DDT metabolite), and PAHs (1-hydroxypyrene) in areas where biomass is used to cook and to heat homes and where DDT was used to combat malaria transmission.Methods
During 2009, we analyzed a total of 190 blood and urine samples from children living in six communities in Mexico. Quantitative analyses of DDT and DDE were performed using gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry. Analyses of 1-hydroxypyrene were performed by HPLC using a fluorescence detector.Results
In this work, we found high levels of DDT and its principal metabolite (DDE) in the blood of children living in four communities in Chiapas located in the southeastern region of Mexico (range,25.
Aranda A Díaz-De-Mera Y Bravo I Morales L 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2007,14(3):176-181
Goal, Scope and Background Within the non-methane hydrocarbons, alkanes constitute the largest fraction of the anthropogenic emissions of volatile organic
compounds. For the case of cyclic alkanes, tropospheric degradation is expected to be initiated mainly by OH reactions in
the gas phase. Nevertheless, Cl atom reaction rate constants are generally one order of magnitude larger than those of OH.
In the present work, the reaction of cyclooctane with Cl atoms has been studied within the temperature range of 279–333 K.
Methods The kinetic study has been carried out using the fast flow tube technique coupled to mass spectrometry detection. The reaction
has been studied under low pressure conditions, p=1 Torr, with helium as the carrier gas.
Results The measured room temperature rate constant is very high, k=(2.63±0.54)×10−10 cm3molecule−1s−1, around 20 times larger than that for the corresponding OH reaction. We also report the results of the rate coefficients
obtained at different temperatures: k = (3.5±1.2)×10−10 exp[(−79±110)/T] cm3 molecule−1 s−1 within the range of 279–333 K. This reaction shows an activation energy value close to zero.
Discussion Quantitative formation of HCl has been observed, confirming the mechanism through H-atom abstraction. The reactivity of cyclic
alkanes towards Cl atoms is clearly dependent on the number of CH2 groups in the molecule, as is shown by the increase in the rate constant when the length of the organic chain increases.
This increase is very high for the small cyclic alkanes and it seems that the reactions are approaching the collision-controlled
limit for cyclohexane and cyclooctane.
Conclusions These results show that gas-phase reaction with Cl in marine or coastal areas is an efficient sink (competing with the gas
phase, OH initiated degradation) for the Earth’s emissions of cyclooctane, with a Cl-based lifetime ranging from 11 to 2000
hours, depending on the location and time of day.
Recommendations and Perspectives Cl and OH fast reactions with cyclooctane are expected to define the lifetime of cyclooctane emissions to the atmosphere.
The degradation of cyclooctane occurs in a short period of time and consequently (under conditions of low atmospheric mass
transport), close to the emission sources enabling a significant contribution to local effects, like the formation of photochemical
smog.
ESS-Submission Editor: Prof. Dr. Gerhard Lammel (lammel@recetox.muni.cz) 相似文献
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Díaz-de-Mera Y Aranda A Bravo I Rodríguez D Rodríguez A Moreno E 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2008,15(7):584-591
Background, aim, and scope The adverse environmental impacts of chlorinated hydrocarbons on the Earth’s ozone layer have focused attention on the effort
to replace these compounds by nonchlorinated substitutes with environmental acceptability. Hydrofluoroethers (HFEs) and fluorinated
alcohols are currently being introduced in many applications for this purpose. Nevertheless, the presence of a great number
of C–F bonds drives to atmospheric long-lived compounds with infrared absorption features. Thus, it is necessary to improve
our knowledge about lifetimes and global warming potentials (GWP) for these compounds in order to get a complete evaluation
of their environmental impact. Tropospheric degradation is expected to be initiated mainly by OH reactions in the gas phase.
Nevertheless, Cl atoms reaction may also be important since rate constants are generally larger than those of OH. In the present
work, we report the results obtained in the study of the reactions of Cl radicals with HFE-7000 (CF3CF2CF2OCH3) (1) and its isomer CF3CF2CF2CH2OH (2).
Materials and methods Kinetic rate coefficients with Cl atoms have been measured using the discharge flow tube–mass spectrometric technique at 1 Torr
of total pressure. The reactions of these chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) substitutes have been studied under pseudo-first-order
kinetic conditions in excess of the fluorinated compounds over Cl atoms. The temperature ranges were 266–333 and 298–353 K
for reactions of HFE-7000 and CF3CF2CF2CH2OH, respectively.
Results The measured room temperature rate constants were k(Cl+CF3CF2CF2OCH3) = (1.24 ± 0.28) × 10−13 cm3 molecule−1 s−1and k(Cl+CF3CF2CF2CH2OH) = (8.35 ± 1.63) × 10−13 cm3 molecule−1 s−1 (errors are 2σ + 10% to cover systematic errors). The Arrhenius expression for reaction 1 was k
1(266–333 K) = (6.1 ± 3.8) × 10−13exp[−(445 ± 186)/T] cm3 molecule−1 s−1 and k
2(298–353 K) = (1.9 ± 0.7) × 10−12exp[−(244 ± 125)/T] cm3 molecule−1 s−1 (errors are 2σ). The reactions are reported to proceed through the abstraction of an H atom to form HCl and the corresponding halo-alkyl
radical. At 298 K and 1 Torr, yields on HCl of 0.95 ± 0.38 and 0.97 ± 0.16 (errors are 2σ) were obtained for CF3CF2CF2OCH3 and CF3CF2CF2CH2OH, respectively.
Discussion The obtained kinetic rate constants are related to the previous data in the literature, showing a good agreement taking into
account the error limits. Comparing the obtained results at room temperature, k
1 and k
2, HFE-7000 is significantly less reactive than its isomer C3F7CH2OH. A similar behavior has been reported for the reactions of other fluorinated alcohols and their isomeric fluorinated ethers
with Cl atoms. Literature data, together with the results reported in this work, show that, for both fluorinated ethers and
alcohols, the kinetic rate constant may be considered as not dependent on the number of –CF2– in the perfluorinated chain. This result may be useful since it is possible to obtain the required physicochemical properties
for a given application by changing the number of –CF2– without changes in the atmospheric reactivity. Furthermore, lifetimes estimations for these CFCs substitutes are calculated
and discussed. The average estimated Cl lifetimes are 256 and 38 years for HFE-7000 and C3H7CH2OH, respectively.
Conclusions The studied CFCs’ substitutes are relatively short-lived and OH reaction constitutes their main reactive sink. The average
contribution of Cl reactions to global lifetime is about 2% in both cases. Nevertheless, under local conditions as in the
marine boundary layer, τ
Cl values as low as 2.5 and 0.4 years for HFE-7000 and C3H7CH2OH, respectively, are expected, showing that the contribution of Cl to the atmospheric degradation of these CFCs substitutes
under such conditions may constitute a relevant sink. In the case of CF3CF2CF2OCH3, significant activation energy has been measured, thus the use of kinetic rate coefficient only at room temperature would
result in underestimations of lifetimes and GWPs.
Recommendations and perspectives The results obtained in this work may be helpful within the database used in the modeling studies of coastal areas. The knowledge
of the atmospheric behavior and the structure–reactivity relationship discussed in this work may also contribute to the development
of new environmentally acceptable chemicals. New volatile materials susceptible of emission to the troposphere should be subject
to the study of their reactions with OH and Cl in the range of temperature of the troposphere. The knowledge of the temperature
dependence of the kinetic rate constants, as it is now reported for the case of reactions 1 and 2, will allow more accurate
lifetimes and related magnitudes like GWPs. Nevertheless, a better knowledge of the vertical Cl tropospheric distribution
is still required. 相似文献
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Macías-Quiroga Iván F. Henao-Aguirre Paula A. Marín-Flórez Alexander Arredondo-López Sandra M. Sanabria-González Nancy R. 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2021,28(19):23791-23811
Environmental Science and Pollution Research - Advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) constitute a developing area of particular interest for researchers in different fields due to their broad range... 相似文献
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Abstract The effect of sulfonylurea (SU) acetolactate synthases (ALS) inhibitors (chlorsulfuron and triasulfuron) and their 13 guanidine and 7 azole derivatives was studied on 17 fungal and 21 plant species. The efficacy of chlorsulfuron and triasulfuron against Fusarium oxysporum and Thielaviopsis basicola was higher than carbendazim. Two azole derivatives were highly selective for maize. The antifungal activity spectrum of both guanidine and azole derivatives differed from that of chlorsulfuron and triasulfuron, and did not exert notable antifungal activity in vitro. However, they had significant anti‐Fusarium efficacy on rye that surpassed that of carbendazim. 相似文献