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排序方式: 共有86条查询结果,搜索用时 15 毫秒
21.
Arthur L. Fredeen James T. Randerson N. Michele Holbrook Christopher B. Field 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》1997,33(5):1033-1039
ABSTRACT: Californian annual grassland on sandstone (moderately fertile) and serpentine (very infertile) soils at the Jasper Ridge Biological Preserve, Stanford, California, were exposed to ambient or elevated (ambient + 36 Pa CO2) atmospheric CO2 in open-top chambers since December 1991. We measured ecosystem evapotranspiration with open gas-exchange systems, and soil moisture with time-domain reflectometry (TDR) over 0–15 cm (serpentine) and 0–30 cm (sandstone) depths, at times of peak above ground physiological activity. Evapotranspiration decreased by 12 to 63 percent under elevated CO2 in three consecutive years in the sandstone ecosystem (p = 0.053, p = 0.162, p = 0.082 in 1992, 1993, and 1994, respectively). In correspondence with decreased evapotranspiration, late-season soil moisture reserves in the sandstone were extended temporally by 10 ± 3 days in 1993 and by 28 ± 11 days in 1994. The effect of elevated CO2 on soil moisture was greater in the drier spring of 1994 (419 mm annual rainfall) than in 1993 (905 mm annual rainfall). In the serpentine ecosystem, evapotranspiration and soil moisture reserves were not clearly affected by elevated CO2. Soil water may be conserved in drought-affected ecosystems exposed to elevated CO2, but the amount of conservation appears to depend on the relative importance of transpiration and soil evaporation in controlling water flux. 相似文献
22.
Brian G. Field 《Journal of Environmental Planning and Management》1985,28(2):74-76
The background to this paper is the substantial and prolonged rise in the measured rate of unemployment which appears to have continued, more or less unabated, since 1968. A number of commentators have recently questioned the effectiveness and desirability of remedial policy measures designed to expand labour demand, and there appears to be increasing support for the idea that a return to full employment can only be achieved by limiting the supply of labour, with work‐sharing apparently offering the greatest scope for success. The author questions the validity of such a policy, given the current legislative and operational environment in which labour market decisions are taken. 相似文献
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The growing application of engineered nanomaterials is leading to an increased occurrence of nanoparticles (NPs) in the environment. Thus, there is a need to better understand their potential impact on the environment. This study evaluated the toxicity of nanosized TiO2, ZrO2, Fe0, Fe2O3, and Mn2O3 towards the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae based on O2 consumption and cell membrane integrity. In addition, the state of dispersion of the nanoparticles in the bioassay medium was characterized. 相似文献
25.
Microbial community dynamics in a chemolithotrophic denitrification reactor inoculated with methanogenic granular sludge 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Denitrification is applied in the tertiary treatment of wastewater to reduce nitrogen pollution. Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), catalyzed reporter deposition (CARD)-FISH, cloning, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were applied to follow the evolution of the microbial composition and structure of granular sludge in chemolithotrophic denitrifying bioreactors fed with nitrate and thiosulfate. FISH oligonucleotide probes for the chemolitoautotrophic denitrifiers Thiobacillus denitrificans and Thiomicrospira denitrificans were designed and their utility tested. CARD-FISH and cloning data showed that bacterial diversity in the biofilms changed during the reactor operation. Chemoorganotrophic fermentative Gram-positive strains in the phyla, Actinobacteria and Firmicutes, were dominant in the methanogenic inoculum, both in terms of biodiversity and in number. Other significant phyla were Bacteroidetes and Chloroflexi. After 6 months of operation, Proteobacteria became dominant (83% of the clones). The diversity of Gram-positive bacteria was partially maintained although their abundance decreased notably. After 110 d of operation, the abundance of Tb. denitrificans cells increased considerably, from 1% to 35% of total DAPI-stained cells and from no isolated clones to 15% of the total clones. Tm. denitrificans only represented a minor fraction of the microorganisms in the sludge (1-4% of the DAPI-stained cells). These findings confirm that Tb. denitrificans was the dominant chemolitoautotrophic denitrifying microorganism in the bioreactors. The Archaeal diversity remained almost unchanged and it was represented mostly by Methanosaeta soehngenii. SEM results indicated a considerable loss in the integrity of the sludge granules during the operation, with risk of sludge buoyancy. 相似文献
26.
棉田种植苘麻诱集B型烟粉虱机制研究 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
利用苘麻(Abutilon theophrasti Medic)的诱集作用是防治棉田烟粉虱的有效手段,本文报道了关于苘麻和棉花叶片颜色、气味、叶毛密度、细胞液pH值及营养等影响诱集作用因子的差异研究结果.试验结果表明,苘麻叶片的叶毛密度(197.7根/cm2)和棉花叶片(19.6根/cm2)有显著的差别;苘麻叶片在波长560 nm 下的光反射率达到0.2,显著高于棉花叶片(0.09).此外,苘麻叶片细胞液的pH值在整个生长季节均较棉花维持在一个较高的水平(5.8~6.2).研究还表明,烟粉虱成虫对苘麻叶片颜色和挥发性气味表现出正趋性,但与棉花相比较差异不显著;苘麻叶片中可溶性蛋白质、可溶性糖和总氨基酸的含量与棉花没有显著的差别.因此,苘麻植株叶片较高的叶毛密度、光反射率和细胞液pH值可能是引起烟粉虱强选择性的主要原因. 相似文献
27.
Catherine R. Darst Philip J. Murphy Nathan W. Strout Steven P. Campbell Kimberleigh J. Field Linda Allison Roy C. Averill-Murray 《Environmental management》2013,51(3):786-800
Ensuring the persistence of at-risk species depends on implementing conservation actions that ameliorate threats. We developed and implemented a method to quantify the relative importance of threats and to prioritize recovery actions based on their potential to affect risk to Mojave desert tortoises (Gopherus agassizii). We used assessments of threat importance and elasticities of demographic rates from population matrix models to estimate the relative contributions of threats to overall increase in risk to the population. We found that urbanization, human access, military operations, disease, and illegal use of off highway vehicles are the most serious threats to the desert tortoise range-wide. These results suggest that, overall, recovery actions that decrease habitat loss, predation, and crushing will be most effective for recovery; specifically, we found that habitat restoration, topic-specific environmental education, and land acquisition are most likely to result in the greatest decrease in risk to the desert tortoise across its range. In addition, we have developed an application that manages the conceptual model and all supporting information and calculates threat severity and potential effectiveness of recovery actions. Our analytical approach provides an objective process for quantifying threats, prioritizing recovery actions, and developing monitoring metrics for those actions for adaptive management of any at-risk species. 相似文献
28.
Stephen D. Field Steven W. Effler 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》1988,24(2):325-328
ABSTRACT: Seventy-three in situ primary productivity experiments over a six-month period in hypereutrophic Onondaga Lake near Syracuse, New York, demonstrated variations in the light saturation parameter, Ip, which in part describes the interaction between productivity and light. Substantial variations in Ip were observed (coefficient of variation = 60 percent). Variations in Ip were significantly correlated (greater than 99 percent confidence level) with temperature (°C). An Arrhenius-type relationship (Ip= 1.312 × 1.088 (T-20)) accounted for approximately 37 percent of the variation in Ip and may be appropriate for other systems dominated by green algae. 相似文献
29.
This paper includes the findings of MMI Thornton Tomasetti’s investigation into the measurement of resilience within infrastructure using systems thinking and focussed on value delivery. This paper provides a review of current practise across critical infrastructure sectors, based on a series of interviews undertaken with stakeholders from various UK infrastructure organisations. Gaps and opportunities were identified and an outline for a value-based approach to diagnosing, measuring and building resilience suggested. The performance of critical infrastructure sectors was also comparatively assessed using the suggested approach value metrics. 相似文献
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