Increased wind erosion from forest wildfire: implications for contaminant-related risks

Assessments of contaminant-related human and ecological risk require estimation of transport rates, but few data exist on wind-driven transport rates in nonagricultural systems, particularly in response to ecosystem disturbances such as forest wildfire and also relative to water-driven transport. The Cerro Grande wildfire in May of 2000 burned across ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa Douglas ex P.&C. Lawson var. scopulorum Englem.) forest within Los Alamos National Laboratory in northern New Mexico, where contaminant transport and associated post-fire inhalation risks are of concern. In response, the objectives of this study were to measure and compare wind-driven horizontal and vertical dust fluxes, metrics of transport related to wind erosion, for 3 yr for sites differentially affected by the Cerro Grande wildfire: unburned, moderately burned (fire mostly confined to ground vegetation), and severely burned (crown fire). Wind-driven dust flux was significantly greater in both types of burned areas relative to unburned areas, by more than one order of magnitude initially and by two to three times 1 yr after the fire. Unexpectedly, the elevated dust fluxes did not decrease during the second and third years in burned areas, apparently because ongoing drought delayed post-fire recovery. Our estimates enable assessment of amplification in contaminant-related risks following a major type of disturbance-wildfire, which is expected to increase in intensity and frequency due to climate change. More generally, our results highlight the importance of considering wind- as well as water-driven transport and erosion, particularly following disturbance, for ecosystem biogeochemistry in general and human and ecological risk assessment in particular.     

Phosphorus and nitrogen in rainfall simulation runoff after fresh and composted beef cattle manure application

Fresh beef cattle (Bos taurus) manure has traditionally been applied to cropland in southern Alberta, but there has been an increase in application of composted manure to cropland in this region. However, the quality of runoff under fresh manure (FM) versus composted manure (CM) has not been investigated. Our objective was to compare runoff quality under increasing rates (0, 13, 42, 83 Mg ha(-1) dry wt.) of FM and CM applied for two consecutive years to a clay loam soil cropped to irrigated barley (Hordeum vulgare L.). We determined total phosphorus (TP), particulate phosphorus (PP), dissolved reactive phosphorus (DRP), total nitrogen (TN), NH4-N, and NO3-N concentrations and loads in runoff after one (1999) and two (2000) applications of FM and CM. We found significantly (P < or = 0.05) higher TP, DRP, and NH4-N concentrations, and higher DRP and TN loads under FM than CM after 2 yr of manure application. The TP loads were also higher under FM than CM at the 83 Mg ha(-1) rate in 2000, and DRP loads were higher for FM than CM at this high rate when averaged over both years. Application rate had a significant effect on TP and DRP concentrations in runoff. In addition, the slope values of the regressions between TP and DRP in runoff versus application rate were considerably higher for FM in 2000 than for FM in 1999, and CM in both 1999 and 2000. Significant positive relationships were found for TP and DRP in runoff versus soil Kelowna-extractable P and soil water-extractable P for FM and CM in 2000, indicating that interaction of runoff with the soil controlled the release of P. Total P and DRP were the variables most affected by the treatments. Overall, our study found that application of CM rather than FM to cropland may lower certain forms of P and N in surface runoff, but this is dependent on the interaction with year, application rate, or both.     

Mapping ground water vulnerability to pesticide leaching with a process-based metamodel of EuroPEARL

To support EU policy, indicators of pesticide leaching at the European level are required. For this reason, a metamodel of the spatially distributed European pesticide leaching model EuroPEARL was developed. EuroPEARL considers transient flow and solute transport and assumes Freundlich adsorption, first-order degradation and passive plant uptake of pesticides. Physical parameters are depth dependent while (bio)-chemical parameters are depth, temperature, and moisture dependent. The metamodel is based on an analytical expression that describes the mass fraction of pesticide leached. The metamodel ignores vertical parameter variations and assumes steady flow. The calibration dataset was generated with EuroPEARL and consisted of approximately 60,000 simulations done for 56 pesticides with different half-lives and partitioning coefficients. The target variable was the 80th percentile of the annual average leaching concentration at 1-m depth from a time series of 20 yr. The metamodel explains over 90% of the variation of the original model with only four independent spatial attributes. These parameters are available in European soil and climate databases, so that the calibrated metamodel could be applied to generate maps of the predicted leaching concentration in the European Union. Maps generated with the metamodel showed a good similarity with the maps obtained with EuroPEARL, which was confirmed by means of quantitative performance indicators.     

考虑不同合作模式和多方奖惩的绿色信贷风险优化控制研究

绿色信贷风险的优化控制,有利于推动绿色信贷的稳定、可持续发展,实现环境效益、经济效益和社会效益的共赢。本研究将政府部门、环保部门、金融机构和企业的行为纳入同一个理论体系中,充分考虑影响参与主体最优努力水平和绿色信贷风险最优轨迹的环境因素、经济因素和社会因素。在此基础上,构建不同合作模式下的绿色信贷风险优化控制模型,分析不同情境下参与主体的努力水平,比较绿色信贷风险的最优轨迹,找出绿色信贷风险优化控制存在的问题及原因。研究结果表明：第一,四方合作模式对绿色信贷风险的优化控制具有明显的优势。第二,政府的参与能够有效带动其余合作者的积极性。第三,金融机构和企业之间,存在明显的利益共存和投入互动关系。第四,补贴和惩罚措施在合作过程中能够产生激励和约束作用,但在非合作模式下发挥的作用比较有限。第五,参与主体的协同水平越高,越有利于绿色信贷风险的优化控制。因此,需要灵活运用行政、经济或法律等多种干预手段,并对补贴用途进行考评和增强舆论监督,防止金融机构和企业将绿色补贴挪作他用。同时,建立符合国内绿色信贷发展特点的风险标准,统一绿色信贷风险的评判和管控依据。     

数字城市防震减灾

数字城市减灾战略的提出城市发展战略的各种研讨,总是要讨论安全城市概念中重要的灾害安全的涵义。同样,讨论安全战略的场合中,或者在讨论国家安全战略的著作中,也要讨论自然灾害或地震安全,或防灾减灾战略方面的内容。就是在国家长期科     

TSLCDM长袋低压脉冲布袋除尘器及其应用

为了使电炉烟气治理过程中污染源的排放达到国家排放标准,提出一种TSLCDM长袋低压脉冲除尘器(简称TSLCDM除尘器)。通过对该除尘器结构、除尘原理以及不同工况下除尘效率和过滤阻力的分析,得到该除尘器的除尘效率>99.9%,压力损失<1200 Pa,最终排出的烟气含尘质量浓度约5.54 mg/m3,满足了国家的超低排放要求,以泉州某公司电炉项目除尘系统为研究对象,证明了该新型脉冲布袋除尘器在电炉烟气治理除尘系统的应用效果,具有很好的经济和环境效益。     

豆制品加工废水处理工程设计分析

豆制品加工废水有机物和悬浮物浓度较高,水量及水质波动大,且容易发酸发臭。浙江某豆制品生产企业采用化学沉淀+SBR生化工艺对废水进行处理,出水水质达到《污水综合排放标准》GB8978-1996三级标准。该工艺操作简便,运行稳定,处理效率高,适合中小规模豆制品企业废水的处理。     

钒钛磁铁矿尾矿锰、铁元素浸出规律研究

以攀西地区钒钛磁铁矿尾矿为研究对象,通过设置浸出实验,从酸类、p H、温度、反应时间4个方面探讨尾矿中Mn、Fe元素的迁出规律。结果表明,Mn在草酸中的浸出浓度远大于在醋酸和盐酸中的浸出浓度。随着p H的增大,Mn的浸出浓度整体呈减小趋势,有机酸做浸提剂时,Mn的浸出浓度在p H=2或3时达到最大值;无机酸做浸提剂时,Mn的浸出浓度在p H=1时达到最大值。Fe在草酸中的浸出浓度大于在醋酸和盐酸中的浸出浓度,随着p H增大,Fe的浸出浓度逐渐减小并趋于稳定。另外,温度升高、反应时间延长都有利于Mn、Fe从尾矿中浸出。各变量对Mn、Fe浸出的影响效果为p H酸类温度反应时间。本研究可以对尾矿浸出液的安全使用提供初步指导。     

山东省农田土壤中拟除虫菊酯类农药污染特征与风险评价

在山东省范围内采集农田表层土壤样品91个,采用气相色谱法分析了7种拟除虫菊酯类农药(SPs)的含量和组成,分析了其分布特征,比较了大田土壤和大棚土壤中该类农药含量的差异,并评价了其生态风险.结果表明,7种拟除虫菊酯类农药总含量(∑_7SPs)范围在0.01—88.51μg·kg~(-1)之间,均值为5.65μg·kg~(-1).与国内其他地区农田土壤相比,山东省农田土壤中拟除虫菊酯含量处于中等偏低水平.山东省各地区的拟除虫菊酯含量存在差异,但组成相近,均是高效氯氟氰菊酯、联苯菊酯和氯氰菊酯的比例较高.部分地区大棚土壤中的含量高于大田土壤.风险评价结果表明,山东省农田土壤个别采样点中甲氰菊酯和高效氯氟氰菊酯具有生态风险,三分之一的采样点存在潜在生态风险,其余采样点不存在生态风险.     

人居环境质量对乡村发展的影响——基于江苏省村庄抽样调查截面数据的分析北大核心CSCDCSSCI

农村人居环境整治是实施乡村振兴战略的重点内容,探讨人居环境质量对乡村发展的影响具有重要的理论和实践意义。本文从理论层面解析了人居环境质量影响乡村发展的机理,并基于江苏省村庄抽样调查截面数据构建了多元回归模型和结构方程模型(Structural Equation Model,SEM),就人居环境质量对乡村发展的影响及机理进行了定量分析。研究结果:①回归分析表明,人居环境质量对乡村发展的促进作用明显。②SEM建模分析发现,农村人居硬环境和软环境各构成要素对乡村发展的影响存在差异。硬环境方面,基础设施条件直接促进乡村发展,其路径系数为0.40,环境卫生状况、农户居住情况与基础设施条件之间呈现较强的相互促进作用,其路径系数分别为0.68(环境卫生状况基础设施条件)、0.65(农户居住情况基础设施条件)和0.54(环境卫生状况农户居住情况);软环境方面,乡村文化活动直接促进乡村发展,其路径系数为0.16;硬环境方面的环境卫生状况、基础设施条件与软环境方面的乡村文化活动也具有一定的相互促进作用,其路径系数分别为0.15(环境卫生状况乡村文体活动)和0.31(基础设施条件乡村文体活动)。研究认为,农村人居环境整治有助于乡村空间重构、组织重建、产业重塑,有效推动乡村形态、结构和功能转变。为更好地促进乡村发展转型与振兴,农村人居环境整治应当“软硬兼施”,以完善基础设施和丰富文体活动为重点,并同步推进环境卫生治理和居住条件改善。