介质阻挡放电反应器中的二硫化碳降解特性

为了解CS₂(二硫化碳)在介质阻挡放电反应器中的降解特性,提高其去除率,设计并制作了同轴圆柱介质阻挡放电反应器,研究了介质层数、外施电压、中心电极材料及直径、背景气氛种类和RH(相对湿度)对CS₂去除率的影响. 结果表明:在外施电压(4.0～6.5kV)较低时,单介质反应器的CS₂去除率高于双介质反应器;而在外施电压(6.5～9.0kV)较高时,双介质反应器对CS₂的去除效果更好,增大外施电压有利于CS₂的降解. 铜丝比不锈钢丝更适合用作反应器的中心电极,此外,增加中心电极的直径也可提高CS₂去除率. 当中心电极直径从 3.2mm增至4.8mm时,CS₂平均去除率由63%增至75%,但平均质量能耗由510kJ/mg增至611kJ/mg. 同等条件下,CS₂在氧气中的平均去除率(74%)最大,空气(59%)中次之,氮气(48%)中最小;背景气氛中适量的RH(26%)有助于提高CS₂去除率,但RH太大(大于50%)反而会降低CS₂去除率.      

铀尾矿中铀、钍及部分金属的模拟淋浸实验初探

模拟广东某地区降雨的几种要素,对该地某铀矿区的两种粒径(<0.45 mm和>6 mm)的铀尾矿,分别采用1 h及24 h的初始浸泡时间、pH=3.0及pH=6.0的淋浸剂,以开放体系,进行7周的半动态淋滤实验,初步考察铀尾矿中铀钍的释放规律及其与金属元素Al、K、Mg释放行为的相关性.结果表明:(1)对铀尾矿释放铀能力的影响作用依次为:粒径>pH>浸泡时间;对钍释放能力的影响作用依次为:pH>粒径>浸泡时间.(2)pH、粒径和浸泡时间的改变将影响U与Th、Al、K和Mg的释放相关性.     

三峡小城镇污水处理厂污水处理工艺探讨

在调查研究三峡库区重庆段小城镇污水处理现状的基础上,根据库区水质特征、水环境保护的特殊要求和库区地理环境与经济条件特点,对适用污水处理工艺和技术进行比选,认为利用地形高差,采用跌水曝气式生物滤塔+氧化沟处理工艺适用于库区小城镇污水处理。     

亚硝酸盐氮胁迫对罗非鱼（GIFTOreoohromisniloticus）血清非特异性免疫酶活性的影响

试验设置了不同浓度亚硝酸盐氮（空白对照、0．75mg·L-1、1．50mg-L-1、3．00mg·L-1和5．00mg·L-1）,研究了亚硝酸盐氮胁迫对罗非鱼（GIFTOreochromisniloticus）血清非特异性免疫酶（溶菌酶、碱性磷酸酶、补体c3）活性的影响。结果表明：罗非鱼血清碱性磷酸酶、溶菌酶、补体C3活性均呈现出随亚硝酸盐氮浓度升高而降低的趋势,且当亚硝酸盐氮浓度小于1．50mg·L-1时,罗非鱼血清碱性磷酸酶、溶菌酶、补体C3活性与对照组相比差异不显著（P〉0．05）,说明低于1．50mg·L-1的亚硝酸盐氮不会对罗非鱼机体免疫力产生显著影响;而高于3．00mg·L-1的亚硝酸盐氮胁迫能够显著（P〈O．05）降低罗非鱼血清碱性磷酸酶、溶菌酶、补体C3活性,最大下降率分别达到31．75％、27．40％、14．43％,从而显示出高浓度亚硝酸盐氮（〉3．00mg·L-1）能够对罗非鱼机体产生强烈的氧化胁迫和免疫损伤,导致机体免疫力下降,增加罗非鱼对致病菌的易感性。本研究认为,3．00mg·L-1可能是亚硝酸盐氮胁迫引起罗非鱼机体免疫力显著降低的阈值。     

Sea ice microbial production supports Ross Sea benthic communities: influence of a small but stable subsidy

Diversity in guilds of primary producers enhances temporal stability in provision of organic matter to consumers. In the Antarctic ecosystem, where temporal variability in phytoplankton production is high, sea ice contains a diatom and microbial community (SIMCO) that represents a pool of organic matter that is seasonally more consistent, although of relatively small magnitude. The fate of organic material produced by SIMCO in Antarctica is largely unknown but may represent an important link between sea ice dynamics and secondary production in nearshore food webs. We used whole tissue and compound-specific stable isotope analysis of consumers to test whether the sea ice microbial community is an important source of organic matter supporting nearshore communities in the Ross Sea. We found distinct gradients in delta13C and delta15N of SIMCO corresponding to differences in inorganic carbon and nitrogen acquisition among sites with different sea ice extent and persistence. Mass balance analysis of a suite of consumers demonstrated large fluxes of SIMCO into the nearshore food web, ranging from 5% to 100% of organic matter supplied to benthic species, and 0-10% of organic matter to upper water column or pelagic inhabitants. A delta13C analysis of nine fatty acids including two key biomarkers for diatoms, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, 20:5omega3), and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6omega3), confirmed these patterns. We observed clear patterns in delta13C of fatty acids that are enriched in 13C for species that acquire a large fraction of their nutrition from SIMCO. These data demonstrate the key role of SIMCO in ecosystem functioning in Antarctica and strong linkages between sea ice extent and nearshore secondary productivity. While SIMCO provides a stabilizing subsidy of organic matter, changes to sea ice coverage associated with climate change would directly affect secondary production and stability of benthic food webs in Antarctica.     

生物炭对土壤有效态重金属的作用机制进展

为了深入探究生物炭对土壤有效态重金属变化的影响,研究重点从生物炭的直接和间接作用两个方面对重金属有效态的影响机制进行了归纳概述。直接作用是指生物炭利用自身较大比表面积、疏松孔隙、丰富官能团和矿物质来吸附固定重金属,进而影响重金属形态转化的过程,包括物理吸附、静电吸引、官能团络合、离子交换、阳离子-π、化学沉淀等多种机理;间接作用是指生物炭通过改变土壤理化性质或者微生物群落多样性来影响有效态重金属含量变化的过程,以化学和微生物机制为主。最后提出结论与展望,以期为土壤重金属污染生物炭修复技术的潜在应用提供理论基础。     

城市轨道交通突发大客流协同应急决策研究

为研究城市轨道交通突发大客流下的客流控制应急决策的制定与调整,对城市轨道交通客流特征进行分析,将协同矩阵与多目标规划理论运用到突发大客流下多车站协同客流控制应急决策研究中。在协同车站间路网拓扑结构的基础上,提出分别考虑各车站协同与不协同、协同车站加入或退出、协同车站评价标准变化等情况下,初始应急决策的制定与动态方案调整方法。研究结果表明:使用该方法能够表达城市轨道交通车站间协同作业的各种状态,实现突发客流冲击情况下的路网多车站动态协同应急决策的制定与动态调整,可为城市轨道交通网络化协同作业理论与方法的研究提供参考。     

剥落型矿柱与早强胶结充填体相互作用损伤演化分

为了研究矿柱底部严重剥落形成的上宽下窄型矿柱与早强胶结充填体的相互作用,进行了现场地质调查,选用石蜡模拟早强胶结充填体进行室内试验,同时进行数值模型的构建和试验模拟研究。试验结果表明:在加载过程中,破坏主要发生在矿岩中,石蜡充填体由于具有较强的变形能力,没有明显的破坏裂纹;矿岩中的裂纹主要沿矿岩和充填体接触面进行延展,直至延伸至临空面破坏;试样表壁的石蜡薄层表征显示在加载过程中,在试样表壁大的裂纹带附近伴随小裂纹产生。通过相关研究,厘清剥落型矿柱与早强充填体的相互作用机理及破坏规律,以便开展针对性的矿柱补强,确保充填采场安全稳定。     

Impact of an invasive oak gall wasp on a native butterfly: a test of plant-mediated competition

Phytophagous insects commonly interact through shared host plants. These interactions, however, do not occur in accordance with traditional paradigms of competition, and competition in phytophagous insects is still being defined. It remains unclear, for example, if particular guilds of insects are superior competitors or important players in structuring insect communities. Gall-forming insects are likely candidates for such superior competitors because of their ability to manipulate host plants, but their role as competitors is understudied. We investigate the effect of invasive populations of an oak gall wasp, Neuroterus saltatorius, on a native specialist butterfly, Erynnis propertius, as mediated by their shared host plant, Quercus garryana. This gall wasp occurs at high densities in its introduced range, where we stocked enclosures with caterpillars on trees that varied in gall wasp density. Biomass production of butterflies was lower in enclosures on high-density than on low-density trees because overwintering caterpillars were smaller, and fewer of them eclosed into adults the following spring. To see if the gall wasp induced changes in foliar quality, we measured host plant quality before and after gall induction on 30 trees each at two sites. We found a positive relationship between gall wasp density and the percentage change in foliar C:N, a negative relationship between gall wasp density and the percentage change in foliar water at one site, and no relationship between the percentage change in protein-binding capacity (i.e., phenolics) and gall-wasp density. Additionally, there was a negative relationship between foliar quality and butterfly performance. Our results provide evidence for a plant-mediated impact of an invasive oak gall wasp on a native butterfly and suggest that gall wasps could act as superior competitors, especially when they occur at high densities.     

Spatial heterogeneity in distribution and ecology of Western Palearctic birds

Species vary in abundance and heterogeneity of spatial distribution, and the ecological and evolutionary consequences of such variability are poorly known. Evolutionary adaptation to heterogeneously distributed resources may arise from local adaptation with individuals of such locally adapted populations rarely dispersing long distances and hence having small populations and small overall ranges. We quantified mean population density and spatial heterogeneity in population density of 197 bird species across 12 similarly sized regions in the Western Palearctic. Variance in population density among regions differed significantly from a Poisson distribution, suggesting that random processes cannot explain the observed patterns. National estimates of means and variances in population density were positively correlated with continental estimates, suggesting that means and variances were maintained across spatial scales. We used Morisita's index of population abundance as an estimate of heterogeneity in distribution among regions to test a number of predictions. Heterogeneously distributed passerine bird species as reflected by Morisita's index had small populations, low population densities, and small breeding ranges. Their breeding populations had been consistently maintained at low levels for considerable periods of time, because the degree of genetic variation in a subsample of non-passerines and passerines was significantly negatively related to heterogeneity in distribution. Heterogeneously distributed passerine species were not more often habitat specialists than homogeneously distributed species. Furthermore, heterogeneously distributed passerine species had high annual adult survival rates but did not differ in annual fecundity from homogeneously distributed species. Heterogeneously distributed passerine species rarely colonized urban habitats. Finally, homogeneously distributed bird species were hosts to a greater diversity of blood parasite species than heterogeneously distributed species. In conclusion, small breeding ranges, population sizes, and population densities of heterogeneously distributed passerine bird species, combined with their low degree of genetic variability, and their inability to colonize urban areas may render such species particularly susceptible to human-influenced global climatic changes.