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421.
Heinz Rüdel Annette Fliedner Jan Kösters Christa Schröter-Kermani 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2010,17(5):1025-1034
Purpose
As one component of the German ecological environment observation, the Environmental Specimen Bank program was initiated in the mid-1980s. Under the program, representative specimens of marine, fresh water, and terrestrial ecosystems are sampled regularly and archived under chemically stable conditions. An initial characterization of the samples provides data regarding the status quo of the respective ecosystems. The aim of the present publication is to give insight into these real-time monitoring data, which have been generated for the last 10 to 20 years. This is done exemplarily for the heavy metals cadmium (Cd), mercury (Hg), and lead (Pb) in marine specimens of the Baltic and the North Sea. 相似文献422.
Josef Hrnčiřík Jiří Pšeja Jan Kupec Světlana Bernkopfová 《Journal of Polymers and the Environment》2010,18(2):98-103
This work focused on anaerobic biodegradation of blends composed of glycerol-plasticized polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and biopolymer
(starch, gellan, xanthan) in an aqueous environment, after inoculation with digested activated sludge from a municipal wastewater
treatment plant. Glycerol degradability is comparable to degradability of used modifying agents. Modifying agents added in
the 20–40 wt% range proportionally increased biodegradation degree (Dt) calculated from balance of transformed carbon in the system. Biodegradation degree of polysaccharides and glycerol attained
95% and over. For PVA it was only 6.5% (in breakdown times up to 500 h). Content of polysaccharides favorably affects biodegradation
degree of polyvinyl alcohol blends, but at the expense of reduced mechanical properties of resultant products. 相似文献
423.
Klára Řehounková Lukáš Čížek Jiří Řehounek Lenka Šebelíková Robert Tropek Kamila Lencová Petr Bogusch Pavel Marhoul Jan Máca 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2016,23(14):13745-13753
Open interior sands represent a highly threatened habitat in Europe. In recent times, their associated organisms have often found secondary refuges outside their natural habitats, mainly in sand pits. We investigated the effects of different restoration approaches, i.e. spontaneous succession without additional disturbances, spontaneous succession with additional disturbances caused by recreational activities, and forestry reclamation, on the diversity and conservation values of spiders, beetles, flies, bees and wasps, orthopterans and vascular plants in a large sand pit in the Czech Republic, Central Europe. Out of 406 species recorded in total, 112 were classified as open sand specialists and 71 as threatened. The sites restored through spontaneous succession with additional disturbances hosted the largest proportion of open sand specialists and threatened species. The forestry reclamations, in contrast, hosted few such species. The sites with spontaneous succession without disturbances represent a transition between these two approaches. While restoration through spontaneous succession favours biodiversity in contrast to forestry reclamation, additional disturbances are necessary to maintain early successional habitats essential for threatened species and open sand specialists. Therefore, recreational activities seem to be an economically efficient restoration tool that will also benefit biodiversity in sand pits. 相似文献
424.
Disaggregated contributions of ecosystem services to human well-being: a case study from Eastern Europe 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Andra-Ioana Horcea-Milcu Julia Leventon Jan Hanspach Joern Fischer 《Regional Environmental Change》2016,16(6):1779-1791
Aggregated analyses of the benefits from ecosystem services (ES) to well-being neglect important differences among beneficiaries and fail to capture the complexity of factors that mediate the ES–well-being relationship. Based on 25 group interviews, we disaggregated the ES–well-being relationships across six groups of potential beneficiaries in a farming landscape in central Romania, Eastern Europe. We explored what mediates distributional patterns of needs and benefits among beneficiaries and identified six contextual factors: (1) characteristics of the appropriated ES; (2) policies, formal institutions, and markets; (3) social and power relations, and informal institutions; (4) household decisions and individual contexts; (5) different perceptions and understandings of equity; and (6) individually held values. Based on these empirically derived factors, we developed a conceptual model of mediating factors that holistically takes into account the contextual space between ES and human beneficiaries. This model provides a framework for unpacking ES–well-being relationships that may guide ES research across varying socioeconomic cases. Notably, this model of mediating factors incorporates an equity perspective that is more refined than the dominant discourse on the relation between poverty and ES (which typically emphasizes that poor people are most dependent on ES, but neglects factors such as power relations and held values). Recognizing multiple contextual factors that shape the contribution of ES to well-being opens doors for harnessing new interdisciplinary collaborations and can help to inform more holistic policy interventions. 相似文献
425.
Controls on coarse wood decay in temperate tree species: birth of the LOGLIFE experiment 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Cornelissen JH Sass-Klaassen U Poorter L van Geffen K van Logtestijn RS van Hal J Goudzwaard L Sterck FJ Klaassen RK Freschet GT van der Wal A Eshuis H Zuo J de Boer W Lamers T Weemstra M Cretin V Martin R Ouden Jd Berg MP Aerts R Mohren GM Hefting MM 《Ambio》2012,41(Z3):231-245
Dead wood provides a huge terrestrial carbon stock and a habitat to wide-ranging organisms during its decay. Our brief review highlights that, in order to understand environmental change impacts on these functions, we need to quantify the contributions of different interacting biotic and abiotic drivers to wood decomposition. LOGLIFE is a new long-term 'common-garden' experiment to disentangle the effects of species' wood traits and site-related environmental drivers on wood decomposition dynamics and its associated diversity of microbial and invertebrate communities. This experiment is firmly rooted in pioneering experiments under the directorship of Terry Callaghan at Abisko Research Station, Sweden. LOGLIFE features two contrasting forest sites in the Netherlands, each hosting a similar set of coarse logs and branches of 10 tree species. LOGLIFE welcomes other researchers to test further questions concerning coarse wood decay that will also help to optimise forest management in view of carbon sequestration and biodiversity conservation. 相似文献
426.
Biomarkers and low-molecular weight polyaromatic compounds have been extensively studied for their fate in the environment. They are used for oil spill source identification and monitoring of weathering and degradation processes. However, in some cases, the absence or presence of very low concentration of such components restricts the access of information to spill source. Here we followed the resistance of high-molecular weight sulfur-containing aromatics to the simulated weathering condition of North Sea crude oil by ultra high-resolution Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry. The sulfur aromatics in North Sea crude having double bond equivalents (DBE) from 6 to 14 with a mass range 188-674 Da were less influenced even after 6 months artificial weathering. Moreover, the ratio of dibenzothiophenes (DBE 9)/naphthenodibenzothiophenes (DBE 10) was 1.30 and 1.36 in crude oil and 6 months weathered sample, respectively reflecting its weathering stability. It also showed some differences within other oils. Hence, this ratio can be used as a marker of the studied crude and accordingly may be applied for spilled oil source identification in such instances where the light components have already been lost due to environmental influences. 相似文献
427.
Impact changes of climatic extremes on arable farming in the north of the Netherlands 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
Schaap Ben F. Blom-Zandstra Margaretha Hermans Christiane M. L. Meerburg Bastiaan G. Verhagen Jan 《Regional Environmental Change》2011,11(3):731-741
Agriculture is vulnerable to climate change in multiple ways. Here, we use the northern region of the Netherlands as a case
study to explore how risk assessments for climate change impacts on crop production can address multiple vulnerabilities.
We present a methodology, which we call agro climate calendar (ACC) that (i) includes potential yield losses, as well as loss
of product quality, and (ii) assesses the risks of a variety of climate factors including weather extremes and the emergence
and abundance of pests and diseases. Climate factors are defined for two time slices: 1990 (1976–2005) and 2040 (2026–2055);
the frequency of occurrence of the factors is compared for the two periods, and the resulting frequency shifts are presented
in a crop calendar on a monthly basis. This yields an indication of the magnitude and direction of changes in climatic conditions
that can lead to damage by extreme events and pests and diseases. We present results for the two most important crops in the
region, seed potato, and winter wheat. The results provide a good overview of risks from climate factors, and the most important
threats and opportunities are identified. This semi-quantitative approach is firmly rooted in farm management, which is the
level where operational and strategic decisions are made. Thus, the approach is well suited to assist local stakeholders such
as farmers and policy makers to explore farm-level adaptation. This work is complementary to previous modeling work that focused
mainly on the relation between mean climate change factors (i.e., temperature) and crop yield. 相似文献
428.
A 30-year series (1978–2007) of photographic records were analysed to determine changes in lake ice cover, local (low elevation)
and montane (high elevation) snow cover and phenological stages of mountain birch (Betula pubescens ssp. czerepanovii) at the Abisko Scientific Research Station, Sweden. In most cases, the photographic-derived data showed no significant difference
in phenophase score from manually observed field records from the same period, demonstrating the accuracy and potential of
using weekly repeat photography as a quicker, cheaper and more adaptable tool to remotely study phenology in both biological
and physical systems. Overall, increases in ambient temperatures coupled with decreases in winter ice and snow cover, and
earlier occurrence of birch foliage, signal a reduction in the length of winter, a shift towards earlier springs and an increase
in the length of available growing season in the Swedish sub-arctic. 相似文献
429.
The Anthropocene: From Global Change to Planetary Stewardship 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
Steffen W Persson A Deutsch L Zalasiewicz J Williams M Richardson K Crumley C Crutzen P Folke C Gordon L Molina M Ramanathan V Rockström J Scheffer M Schellnhuber HJ Svedin U 《Ambio》2011,40(7):739-761
Over the past century, the total material wealth of humanity has been enhanced. However, in the twenty-first century, we face scarcity in critical resources, the degradation of ecosystem services, and the erosion of the planet's capability to absorb our wastes. Equity issues remain stubbornly difficult to solve. This situation is novel in its speed, its global scale and its threat to the resilience of the Earth System. The advent of the Anthropence, the time interval in which human activities now rival global geophysical processes, suggests that we need to fundamentally alter our relationship with the planet we inhabit. Many approaches could be adopted, ranging from geoengineering solutions that purposefully manipulate parts of the Earth System to becoming active stewards of our own life support system. The Anthropocene is a reminder that the Holocene, during which complex human societies have developed, has been a stable, accommodating environment and is the only state of the Earth System that we know for sure can support contemporary society. The need to achieve effective planetary stewardship is urgent. As we go further into the Anthropocene, we risk driving the Earth System onto a trajectory toward more hostile states from which we cannot easily return. 相似文献
430.
Heinen M Noij IG Heesmans HI Willem van Groenigen J Groenendijk P Thissen JT 《Journal of environmental quality》2012,41(2):334-347
Unfertilized buffer strips (BS) generally improve surface water quality. High buffer strip effectiveness (BSE) has been reported for sloping shallow aquifers, but experimental data for plain landscapes with deeply permeable soils is lacking. We tested a novel method to determine BSE on a 20-m-deep, permeable sandy soil. Discharge from soil to ditch was temporarily collected in an in-stream reservoir to measure its quantity and quality, both for a BS and a reference (REF) treatment. Treatments were replicated once for the first, and three times for the next three leaching seasons. No significant BSE was obtained for nitrogen and phosphorus species in the reservoirs. Additionally, water samples were taken from the upper groundwater below the treatments. The effect of BS for nitrate was much bigger in upper groundwater than in the reservoirs that also collected groundwater from greater depths that were not influenced by the treatments. We conclude that measuring changes in upper groundwater to assess BSE is only valid under specific hydrogeological conditions. We propose an alternative experimental set-up for future research, including extra measurements before installing the BS and REF treatments to deal with spatial and temporal variability. The use of such data as covariates will increase the power of statistical tests by decreasing between-reservoir variability. 相似文献