Age cohorts as paternal sibships

Summary Characteristics of a populations's reproductive system affect the degree of relatedness within the age cohorts and maternal sibships of that population. Two consequences of a small litter size, particularly of size one, a relatively polygynous mating system at any one time period, and frequent replacement of reproductively active males over successive periods, are that (1) the set of offspring that each female produces (a maternal sibship) will usually consist of halfsiblings, and (2) within a social group the members of each age cohort will be closely related, either all forming one paternal sibship (half-siblings) if there is only one reproductively active male at a time, or in the case of several reproductively active males, a set of individuals whose mean relatedness is some-what ower than in the one-father case. In the present paper, degree of relatedness within each of these two subgroups is calculated on the basis of a simple model. I then examine effects of the various reproductive parameters on this relatedness and compare maternal sibships and age cohorts in the relative degree of relatedness within them. Age cohorts will often be identifiable, closely related units, paternal sibships in the extreme case. Age cohorts may be important in the evolution of family altruism. They differ from maternal sibships in interesting ways that may affect the kinds of behaviors that are likely to evolve.     

The role of percutaneous umbilical blood sampling in the management of immune thrombocytopenic purpura

On consultation, percutaneous umbilical blood sampling (PUBS) was offered to women with immune thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) to determine the mode and site of delivery prior to labour. Between January 1989 and December 1993, 41 pregnant women underwent PUBS. All women had a history of ITP, a platelet count less than 90 K, (+) antiplatelet antibody, and/or thrombocytopenia diagnosed early in pregnancy. PUBS was performed at term except in one patient with preterm labour, who underwent PUBS at 31 weeks' gestation. Patients with fetal platelet counts greater than 50 K returned to their referring physician for delivery. Records were complete in 39 pregnancies. Fetal blood was successfully obtained in 37 of 39 cases (95 per cent). Fetal platelet counts correlated with neonatal platelet counts in 36 of 37 cases (97 per cent). The interval between PUBS and delivery ranged from 0 to 31 days. Six of 37 fetuses (16 per cent) had significant fetal thrombocytopenia (<50 K). These six patients underwent Caesarean section. Vaginal delivery was recommended in all others. There were two procedure-related complications. There were no cases of intraventricular haemorrhage in any of the neonates. In conclusion, there is a high incidence of fetal thrombocytopenia in women with ITP. PUBS reliably detects fetal thrombocytopenia and is therefore useful in the perinatal planning of the mode and site of delivery.     

An infant with trisomy 9 mosaicism presenting as a complete trisomy 9 by amniocentesis

We present a case in which amniocentesis performed at 33 weeks' gestation because of symmetrical intrauterine growth retardation and decreased amniotic fluid volume led to the prenatal diagnosis of a fetus with a karyotype of 47,XX,+9, t(1;20)(q42;p11.2) pat, i.e., with an extra chromosome 9 and a balanced translocation between chromosomes 1 and 20. At delivery, the baby showed clinical features of trisomy 9, yet chromosome analysis of the cord blood revealed no trisomy 9 cells, a finding confirmed by neonatal blood karyotyping. The balanced translocation was present in all cells. A skin biopsy confirmed trisomy 9 mosaicism with 10 per cent trisomy 9 cells. The baby died at 6 weeks and an autopsy was obtained. Chromosome analysis of different organs demonstrated different frequencies of the mosaicism of trisomy 9. The possible underlying mechanism for the discrepancy between the karyotype results by amniocentesis and those of other tissues is discussed.     

Dispersal-generated sexual selection in a beetle-riding pseudoscorpion

Summary After several generations within a decaying tree (Ficus spp.), populations of the pseudoscorpion Cordylochernes scorpioides disperse by climbing under the elytra of harlequin beetles (Acrocinus longimanus) eclosing from the tree. Because the beetles then fly to newly-decaying Ficus for mating and oviposition, they act as effective dispersal agents. Field experiments and observations indicate that this dispersal mode has been exploited by males who compete to remain on a beetle as a strategic site for inseminating females dispersing on it and on other beetles. Whereas beetles just eclosed from old trees carried large, female-biased groups of dispersing pseudoscorpions, beetles captured after their maiden flight generally carried a single large male. Multivariate morphometric analyses indicated that these beetle-riding males were much larger than individuals randomly sampled from trees, with fighting traits exhibiting the greatest potential for selection (highest phoretic differentials). In females, sexual receptivity was significantly higher at the beginning of dispersal than at the end, suggesting that mating occurs on beetles. Field experiments confirmed that on-beetle insemination does take place and that small males are displaced from the subelytral space by larger rivals. By contrast, laboratory experiments suggest that large male size may not confer high mating success under the low-density conditions which characterize populations within trees. Thus, in addition to indicating a novel role for dispersal in the evolution of exaggerated male traits, this study suggests that oscillating sexual selection may be important in the maintenance of the extreme phenotypic variation exhibited by males of this species.     

“Friendships” between new mothers and adult males: adaptive benefits and determinants in wild baboons (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Papio cynocephalus</Emphasis>)

Close associations between adult males and lactating females and their dependent infants are not commonly described in non-monogamous mammals. However, such associations [sometimes called “friendships” (Smuts 1985)] are regularly observed in several primate species in which females mate with multiple males during the fertile period. The absence of mating exclusivity among “friends” suggests that males should invest little in infant care, raising questions about the adaptive significance of friendship bonds. Using data from genetic paternity analyses, patterns of behavior, and long-term demographic and reproductive records, we evaluated the extent to which friendships in four multi-male, multi-female yellow baboon (Papio cynocephalus) groups in Amboseli, Kenya represent joint parental care of offspring or male mating effort. We found evidence that mothers and infants benefited directly from friendships; friendships provided mother–infant dyads protection from harassment from other adult and immature females. In addition, nearly half of all male friends were the genetic fathers of offspring and had been observed mating with mothers during the days of most likely conception for those offspring. In contrast, nearly all friends who were not fathers were also not observed to consort with the mother during the days of most likely conception, suggesting that friendships between mothers and non-fathers did not result from paternity confusion. Finally, we found no evidence that prior friendship increased a male’s chances of mating with a female in future reproductive cycles. Our results suggest that, for many male–female pairs at Amboseli, friendships represented a form of biparental care of offspring. Males in the remaining friendship dyads may be trading protection of infants in exchange for some resources or services not yet identified. Our study is the first to find evidence that female primates gain social benefits from their early associations with adult males. Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.     

Isolation and characterization of two actins of the Pacific white shrimp, <Emphasis Type="Italic">Litopenaeus vannamei</Emphasis>

Two actin genes named actinT1 and actinT2 were isolated and sequenced from the Pacific white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei, by screening from a shrimp eyestalk cDNA library. L. vannamei actinT1 cDNA has a 1,128-bp open reading frame encoding for 376 amino acids while L. vannamei actinT2 cDNA has a 1,131-bp open reading frame coding for 377 amino acids. Alignment of the actinT1 and actinT2 cDNA sequences showed that these two actin genes share a sequence identity of 86% at amino acid residues. When compared with actins of several other invertebrate and vertebrate species, the nucleotide sequence of actinT1 is highly homologous (97–100%) with beta-actins, while actinT2 shares 86–95% identity with alpha-actins on the nucleotide level. Phylogenetic analysis and BLAST searches indicated that the ActinT1 protein is identical to crustacean beta-actins, while the ActinT2 protein is highly homologous to crustacean alpha-actins. Constitutive expression of the actinT1 and actinT2 genes were detected by RT-PCR in all adult shrimp organs, including brain, eye-stalk, gill, heart, hemolymph, hepatopancreas, muscle, swimming legs, and stomach, as well as in the shrimp zygote, nauplius, and mysis life stages. These data will facilitate attempts to clone and identify more shrimp genes and constitutive shrimp promoters.     

Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for bisphenol A: Assay optimization and its application for surface water analysis

A range of ELISAs in indirect and direct formats for the determination of bisphenol A (BPA) was developed. Bisphenol A carboxymethyl ether (BPA-CME), (BPA-CPE) and 4,4-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)valeric acid were coupled with bovine serum albumin (BSA) (immunogens for the production of polyclonal antibodies), ovalbumin (OVA) and horseradish peroxidase. In general, the indirect assay was more sensitive and specific than the direct one. Using heterologous combinations of immunoreagents in the indirect assay allowed to increase assay sensitivity and specificity. The highest sensitivity was obtained for the antibodies produced against a conjugate of BPA-CPE with BSA and a conjugate of 4,4-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)valeric acid with OVA. The detection limit of BPA in phosphate buffer was 0.03?ng?mL^?1. The assay developed was also the most specific towards BPA. Maximum cross-reactivity values did not exceed 11% for 4-cumylphenol, 5% for bisphenol E and 2% for bisphenol S. Finally, the developed assay was used to analyze surface water samples spiked with known amount of BPA. The assay showed good recovery values (85–109%) for surface water with mineralization level lower than 500?mg?L^?1.     

When good neighbors don't need fences: temporal landscape partitioning among baboon social groups

Intraspecific competition is a key factor shaping space-use strategies and movement decisions in many species, yet how and when neighbors utilize shared areas while exhibiting active avoidance of one another is largely unknown. Here, we investigated temporal landscape partitioning in a population of wild baboons (Papio cynocephalus). We used global positioning system (GPS) collars to synchronously record the hourly locations of five baboon social groups for ～900 days, and we used behavioral, demographic, and life history data to measure factors affecting use of overlap areas. Annual home ranges of neighboring groups overlapped substantially, as predicted (baboons are considered non-territorial), but home ranges overlapped less when space use was assessed over shorter time scales. Moreover, neighboring groups were in close spatial proximity to one another on fewer days than predicted by a null model, suggesting an avoidance-based spacing pattern. At all time scales examined (monthly, biweekly, and weekly), time spent in overlap areas was greater during time periods when groups fed on evenly dispersed, low-quality foods. The percent of fertile females in social groups was negatively correlated with time spent in overlap areas only during weekly time intervals. This suggests that broad temporal changes in ecological resources are a major predictor of how intensively overlap areas are used, and groups modify these ecologically driven spacing patterns at short time scales based on female reproductive status. Together, these findings offer insight into the economics of territoriality by highlighting the dynamics of spacing patterns at differing time scales.     

Fate and transport of chlormequat in subsurface environments

Background, aim and scope  

Chlormequat (Cq) is a plant growth regulator used throughout the world. Despite indications of possible effects of Cq on mammalian health and fertility, little is known about its fate and transport in subsurface environments. The aim of this study was to determine the fate of Cq in three Danish subsurface environments, in particular with respect to retardation of Cq in the A and B horizons and the risk of leaching to the aquatic environment. The study combines laboratory fate studies of Cq sorption and dissipation with field scale monitoring of the concentration of Cq in the subsurface environment, including artificial drains.