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981.
Kunichika?NakamiyaEmail author Tohru?Furuichi Kazuei?Ishii Ikuo?Souda 《Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management》2004,6(1):35-40
The degradation rate of dioxins added to the activated sludge from a leachate treatment plant of a landfill under denitrification conditions was estimated using six bioreactors. Over 99% of the added dioxins (600ng) were degraded within 7 days. Furthermore, continuous cultivation was carried out for 1 month. The activated sludge degraded 600ng of dioxins (that is, all of the added dioxins) placed in each reactor every 7 days, and this activity was maintained for 35 days. Under aerobic conditions with this sludge, the dioxins were not degraded in 7 days, but 90% of the 600ng of dioxins was degraded in 35 days. The high level of activity observed in the present study may only occur under anaerobic conditions, especially under denitrifying conditions. 相似文献
982.
Yasushi?InoueEmail author Arata?Katayama 《Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management》2004,6(1):48-57
An improved rescue number, RNSOIL, which is an indicator for evaluating remediation technologies for contaminated ground that is based on both the risk and the remediation cost, is proposed as a tool of risk communication. The risk posed by contaminated ground is indicated by the figure of treatment priority at time t, FTP(t), which represents the human health risk as the number of people affected by the contaminated ground at time t during the remediation process. The calculation of the value of FTP(t) is based on exposure to contaminants that have migrated through environmental media from the contaminated ground, and is estimated by using a CalTOX model and the Monte Carlo method. The integration of FTP(t) with time, which represents the cumulative number of people affected by the contaminated ground, is used to estimate the performance of individual remediation technologies in risk reduction. The figure of unprocessibility for waste (FUW), which represents difficulties in remediation, is expressed as the remediation cost. FUW is estimated by using actual costs per unit volume of remediated soil. As an overall performance value, the rescue number for each remediation technology for contaminated ground (RNSOIL) is calculated by multiplication of the integral FTP(t) by FUW. Smaller values of RNSOIL are judged to indicate a better technology. The rescue index (RI), calculated as the ratio of the reduction of the integral FTP(t) to FUW, indicates the cost-effectiveness of the remediation technologies. Successful estimation of the indices (FTP(t), integral FTP(t), FUW, RNSOIL and RI) demonstrate the usefulness of these indices in risk communication.Part of this paper was presented at 13th meeting of Japan Society of Waste Management Experts (2002) 相似文献
983.
Postconsumer polyethylene terephthalate (PET)/polyolefin blends through reactive processing 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Mauro?AgliettoEmail author Maria-Beatrice?Coltelli Stefania?Savi Francesco?Lochiatto Francesco?Ciardelli Maurizio?Giani 《Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management》2004,6(1):13-19
Increasing awareness of environmental and energy problems has promoted greater governmental interest in selected waste collection and consequently has attracted the interest of several research groups to the challenge of converting recovered plastics into useful materials. The reactive blending of postconsumer polyethylene terephthalate (PET) with different polyolefins (PO) was studied in attempts to obtain a new material with enhanced properties with respect to the starting materials. The success of the project depends mainly on the possibility of obtaining a compatibilized blend between two starting polymers that, from chemical and thermomechanical viewpoints, are very different. This was approached by employing polyolefins bearing functional groups capable of specific interaction or chemical reaction with PET end groups. Ternary blends of very low density polyethylene (VLDPE)/PET/functionalized polyolefin (FPO) in a weight composition of 70/20/10 and binary blends of FPO/PET in a weight composition of 90/10 were prepared and studied to obtain reinforced polyolefin thermoplastic materials. Reactive blending was achieved in a Brabender Plastograph with a mixing chamber of 30 or 50cm3, at 250°C, and 40rpm for 10min. Differential scanning calorimetry, scanning electron microscopy, and tensile tests were used to investigate the phase behavior, the efficiency of compatibilization, and the mechanical properties of the blends. 相似文献
984.
Wildlife resources the world over have long been subject to harvest and management. As wildlife uses have grown, so too have the need and desire to ensure their sustainability.
This new context of sustainability presents opportunities to merge ecological, economic and social elements to foster development. This paper presents the management and harvesting of wild kangaroos as an example of the potentially sustainable use of a natural resource. Some comparisons are drawn between the use of other wild living resources, deer in Europe and crayfish in Western Australia. However, sustainability of kangaroo species and the industry is not just a matter of market economics and ecology, it must also be socially sustainable. The public policy instrument of a statutory advisory board with a marketing function is proposed in order to integrate the cultural and social aspects of kangaroo management with the economic and ecological aspects. Through such integration, full sustainability of a wild resource then might be achieved. 相似文献
985.
Antoine?O.H.C.?Leduc Maud?C.O.?Ferrari Jocelyn?M.?Kelly Grant?E.?BrownEmail author 《Chemoecology》2004,14(2):107-112
Summary. Recent studies have demonstrated that under
weakly acidic conditions (pH 6.0), many prey fishes, including
juvenile rainbow trout (Onchorhynchus mykiss), do not
exhibit overt antipredator responses to conspecific chemical
alarm cues. In laboratory trials, we investigated the potential
effects of reduced pH on the ability of hatchery reared, predator
naïve juvenile rainbow trout to acquire the recognition of
a novel predator (yellow perch, Perca flavenscens). Initially,
we exposed trout to the odour of a predatory yellow perch,
buffered to pH 6.0 (weakly acidic) or pH 7.0 (neutral) paired
with conspecific skin extracts (also buffered to pH 6.0 or 7.0)
or a distilled water control. Juvenile trout exhibited significant
increase in antipredator behaviour when exposed to neutral
skin extract (pH 7.0). When retested 48 hours later to perch
odour alone (pH 7.0), only trout initially conditioned with
neutral skin extracts (pairs with either neutral or acidic perch
odour) exhibited a learned recognition of perch odour as a
predator risk. Those initially exposed to weakly acidic skin
extract or the distilled water control did not show a learned
response to predator odour. These results demonstrate that the
ability to acquire the recognition of novel predators is
impaired under weakly acidic conditions, as would occur in
natural waterways affected by acidic precipitation. 相似文献
986.
987.
J.??áslavskyEmail author P.?Kotla?íková K.?Bene?ová 《Environmental Chemistry Letters》2004,2(2):89-92
Semipermeable membrane devices (SPMDs) are nowadays used as passive samplers of organic pollutants. The knowledge of the sampling rate values (RS) of each substance trapped on membranes is necessary to calculate their average concentration. Here we calculate RS values for 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons using the comparison of active sampling method results and the amounts sequestered by SPMDs at varying exposure times.Selected article from the Regional Symposium on Chemistry and Environment, Krusevac, Serbia, June 2003, organized by Dr. Branimir Jovancicevic. 相似文献
988.
989.
Sperm competition and the level of polyandry in a bushcricket with large nuptial gifts 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
Leon?R.?HockhamEmail author Jefferson?A.?Graves Michael?G.?Ritchie 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》2004,57(2):149-154
Variation in paternity due to sperm competition or post-copulatory female choice has a major influence on animal mating system evolution and on the levels of genetic variability in natural populations. However, there are relatively few studies comparing the outcome of sperm-competition experiments in the laboratory with natural variation in polyandry among families from the field. In the bushcricket Ephippiger ephippiger, females mate multiply, and the males provide them with a large, nutritious, and probably expensive, donation at mating. We examined paternity in a series of laboratory matings, where females mated with two males, and amongst a series of families collected from a natural population. In the laboratory, paternity was highly bimodally distributed: 24% of families had offspring fathered by the first male to mate, 68% by the second male (in only 8% was paternity shared). In the field, paternity was more mixed: only 27% of families had a single father, 14% had more than two fathers, whilst 59% had two fathers. While unsuccessful matings may contribute to the highly biased paternity in the laboratory, they cannot fully explain the high incidence of complete P2 families. Nonrandom sperm utilisation is therefore likely. Greater sperm mixing in the field probably results from females mating with more males, but the distribution of paternity also reflects an active process of nonrandom sperm utilisation. Confidence of paternity due to last male advantage may be relatively high in this species, and therefore may have facilitated the evolution of the large spermatophore in E. ephippiger.Communicated by D. Gwynne 相似文献
990.