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221.
222.
The aim of the study was to investigate the rationale of the current indications for fetal chromosome analysis. 5372 women had 5423 amniocenteses performed, this group constituting a consecutive sample at the chromosome laboratory, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen from March 1973 to September 1980 (Group A + B). Pregnant women 35 years of age, women who previously had a chromosomally abnormal child, families with translocation carriers or other heritable chromosomal disease, families where the father was 50 years or more and women in families with a history of Down's syndrome (group A), were compared to women having amniocentesis, although considered not to have any increased risk of fetal chromosome abnormality (1390 pregnancies, group B). They were also compared with 750 consecutive pregnancies in women 25–34 years of age, in whom all heritable diseases were excluded (group Q. The risk of unbalanced chromosome abnormality in group A (women with elevated risk) is significantly higher than in group B + C (women without elevated risk) (relative risk 2–4). Women with a known familial translocation and women 40 years or more have a relative risk of 5–7 of having an unbalanced chromosome abnormality compared with women without elevated risk. Spontaneous abortion rate and prematurity rate did not differ from rates expected without amniocentesis. It is concluded that current indications may be characterized as a mixture of evident high risk factors and factors with only a minor influence on risk. Indications for amniocentesis should therefore be reconsidered. Because it must be considered impractical and ethically wrong to limit amniocentesis to the two mentioned real high risk groups, and illogical to continue the present policy, which is not based on clearcut evidence, the possibility of offering amniocentesis to all who want it, is discussed. Screening for chromosome disease in all pregnancies is not without problems, but may be reasonable in some localities. 相似文献
223.
Louis V. Verchot Meine Van Noordwijk Serigne Kandji Tom Tomich Chin Ong Alain Albrecht Jens Mackensen Cynthia Bantilan K. V. Anupama Cheryl Palm 《Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change》2007,12(5):901-918
Agriculture is the human enterprise that is most vulnerable to climate change. Tropical agriculture, particularly subsistence
agriculture is particularly vulnerable, as smallholder farmers do not have adequate resources to adapt to climate change.
While agroforestry may play a significant role in mitigating the atmospheric accumulation of greenhouse gases (GHG), it also
has a role to play in helping smallholder farmers adapt to climate change. In this paper, we examine data on the mitigation
potential of agroforestry in the humid and sub-humid tropics. We then present the scientific evidence that leads to the expectation
that agroforestry also has an important role in climate change adaptation, particularly for small holder farmers. We conclude
with priority research questions that need to be answered concerning the role of agroforestry in both mitigation and adaptation
to climate change. 相似文献
224.
The mechanisms and functions of mixed-species shoaling were investigated in two sympatric species of cyprinids, the chub and the European minnow, from the river Wharfe where they comprised approximately 70% of all year 0+ fish over a 20-year survey. Chub preferred conspecific shoals over heterospecific ones with olfactory cues being more important than visual ones for shoal choice. This preference was consistent with measurements of length:flank area ratios and length:weight ratios which suggest that both species are similar in appearance. When presented with mixed-species shoals, chub increased the percentage time spent with stimulus shoals with increasing proportions of conspecifics. Feeding experiments suggest that the preference for conspecific shoals is driven by interspecific competition (with minnows out-competing similar-sized chub) and the oddity effect. The importance of this work in the context of species assortment in free-ranging shoals is discussed. 相似文献
225.
Sabine Wamser Jens DauberKlaus Birkhofer Volkmar Wolters 《Agriculture, ecosystems & environment》2011,144(1):235-240
The colonisation of winter barley fields by spring breeding carabids and its temporal modulation by the amount of potential hibernation sites was studied. Species richness of carabids was lower in landscapes with high length of boundaries and a high amount of non-cropped open habitats during early stages of the beetles’ colonisation of arable fields. Species number of beetles with high dispersal potential responded to this landscape features at coarse spatial scales whereas beetles with low dispersal potential responded to intermediate scales. However, the negative impact of potential hibernation sites on colonisation diminished in later sampling phases. The patterns observed may be explained by both overwintering in arable soils in less complex landscapes and delayed colonisation in more complex landscapes. The seasonal patterns of landscape control suggest a need to account for temporal dynamics in interactions between species or functional groups and landscape properties. A high temporal resolution is needed in studies that focus on ecosystem function and services in agricultural landscapes, as direction of effect (positive/negative) of management on animal communities may change across spatial scales and within short time periods. 相似文献
226.
Jens Havskov Sørensen Alix Rasmussen Thomas Ellermann Erik Lyck 《Atmospheric environment (Oxford, England : 1994)》1998,32(24):101
During the first European Tracer Experiment (ETEX) tracer gas was released from a site in Brittany, France, and subsequently observed over a range of 2000 km. Hourly measurements were taken at the National Environmental Research Institute (NERI) located at Risø, Denmark, using two measurement techniques. At this location, the observed concentration time series shows a double-peak structure occurring between two and three days after the release. By using the Danish Emergency Response Model of the Atmosphere (DERMA), which is developed at the Danish Meteorological Institute (DMI), simulations of the dispersion of the tracer gas have been performed. Using numerical weather-prediction data from the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecast (ECMWF) by DERMA, the arrival time of the tracer is quite well predicted, so also is the duration of the passage of the plume, but the double-peak structure is not reproduced. However, using higher-resolution data from the DMI version of the HIgh Resolution Limited Area Model (DMI-HIRLAM), DERMA reproduces the observed structure very well. The double-peak structure is caused by the influence of a mesoscale anti-cyclonic eddy on the tracer gas plume about one day earlier. 相似文献
227.
Industrial-scale injection of CO2 into saline formations in sedimentary basins will cause large-scale fluid pressurization and migration of native brines, which may affect valuable groundwater resources overlying the deep sequestration aquifers. In this paper, we discuss how such basin-scale hydrogeologic impacts (1) may reduce current storage capacity estimates, and (2) can affect regulation of CO2 storage projects. Our assessment arises from a hypothetical future carbon sequestration scenario in the Illinois Basin, which involves twenty individual CO2 storage projects (sites) in a core injection area most suitable for long-term storage. Each project is assumed to inject five million tonnes of CO2 per year for 50 years. A regional-scale three-dimensional simulation model was developed for the Illinois Basin that captures both the local-scale CO2–brine flow processes and the large-scale groundwater flow patterns in response to CO2 storage. The far-field pressure buildup predicted for this selected sequestration scenario support recent studies in that environmental concerns related to near- and far-field pressure buildup may be a limiting factor on CO2 storage capacity. In other words, estimates of storage capacity, if solely based on the effective pore volume available for safe trapping of CO2, may have to be revised based on assessments of pressure perturbations and their potential impacts on caprock integrity and groundwater resources. Our results suggest that (1) the area that needs to be characterized in a permitting process may comprise a very large region within the basin if reservoir pressurization is considered, and (2) permits cannot be granted on a single-site basis alone because the near- and far-field hydrogeologic response may be affected by interference between individual storage sites. We also discuss some of the challenges in making reliable predictions of large-scale hydrogeologic impacts related to CO2 sequestration projects. 相似文献
228.
Quantitative PCR to estimate copepod feeding 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Jens C. Nejstgaard Marc E. Frischer Paolo Simonelli Christofer Troedsson Markus Brakel Filiz Adiyaman Andrey F. Sazhin L. Felipe Artigas 《Marine Biology》2008,153(4):565-577
Copepods play a central role in marine food webs as grazers of plankton and as key prey for many predators. Therefore, quantifying
their specific trophic interactions is critical for understanding the role of copepods in ocean processes. However, because
of methodological constraints, it remains difficult to investigate in situ copepod feeding without reliance on laborious intrusive
and potentially biased incubation approaches. Recent advances in PCR-based methodologies have demonstrated the feasibility
of directly identifying copepod diets based on prey DNA sequences. Yet, obtaining quantitative information from these approaches
remains challenging. This study presents results of systematic efforts to develop a quantitative PCR (qPCR) assay targeted
to 18S rRNA gene fragments to estimate copepod gut content of specific species of prey algae. These results were first compared
to gut content estimates based on fluorescence in the copepod Calanus finmarchicus fed monocultures of two different microalgae species in controlled laboratory studies. In subsequent field studies, we compared
feeding rates obtained by microscopy and qPCR for Temora longicornis and Acartia clausi feeding on the haptophyte Phaeocystis globosa in natural blooms. These investigations demonstrate a semi-quantitative relationship between gut content estimates derived from qPCR, gut pigment,
and direct microscopy. However, absolute estimates of gut content based on qPCR methodology were consistently lower than expected.
This did not appear to be explained by the extraction methods used, or interference by non-target (predator) DNA in the PCR
reactions, instead suggesting digestion of prey-specific nucleic acids. Furthermore, the 18S rDNA target gene copy number
of the phytoplankton varied with growth phase. Nonetheless, when prey target gene copy number in the ambient water is quantified,
the qPCR-approach can be compared to other methods, and then used to semi-quantitatively estimate relative copepod grazing
on specific prey in situ without involving further incubations. A distinct advantage of a DNA-based molecular approach compared
to gut fluorescence and direct microscopic observation, is the ability to detect non-pigmented and macerated prey. Future
studies should aim to correct for breakdown in prey DNA and perform extensive calibrations to other methods in order to achieve
a quantitative measure of feeding rates in situ. 相似文献
229.
Temporal dynamics in a pollination network 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
230.
Correlation between the seasonal distribution of harbour porpoises and their prey in the Sound,Baltic Sea 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
Signe?SveegaardEmail author Heidi?Andreasen Kim?N.?Mouritsen Jens?Peder?Jeppesen Jonas?Teilmann Carl?C.?Kinze 《Marine Biology》2012,159(5):1029-1037
Low densities of harbour porpoises in winter (November–March) and high densities in summer (April–October) were found in the
Sound, connecting the Baltic Sea and Kattegat. Due to their high energy requirements, it is hypothesized that the density
of harbour porpoises is related to local prey abundance. This was tested by examining the stomach content of 53 harbour porpoises
collected between 1987 and 2010 in the Sound (high season, 34 porpoises; low season, 19 porpoises). A total of 1,442 individual
fish specimens from thirteen species were identified. Twelve of these were present in the high–porpoise density season and
seven in the low-density season. The distribution of occurrence and the distribution of number of fish species were different
between seasons, indicating a shift in prey intake between seasons. Furthermore, during the high-density season, the mean
and total prey weight per stomach as well as the prey species diversity was higher. However, no difference was found in the
number of prey species between the two seasons, indicating a higher quality of prey in the high-density season. Atlantic cod
was found to be the main prey species in terms of weight in the high-density season while Atlantic herring and Atlantic cod
were equally important during the low-density season. Prey availability and predictability are suggested as the main drivers
for harbour porpoise distribution, and this could be caused by the formation of frontal zones in spring in the northern part
of the Sound, leading to prey concentrations in predictable areas. 相似文献