Explorations of future land use change are important to understand potential conflicts between competing land uses, trade-offs associated with particular land change trajectories, and the effectiveness of policies to steer land systems into desirable states. Most model-based explorations and scenario studies focused on conversions in broad land use classes, but disregarded changes in land management or focused on individual sectors only. Using the European Union (EU) as a case study, we developed an approach to identifying typical combinations of land cover and management changes by combining the results of multimodel simulations in the agriculture and forest sectors for four scenarios from 2000 to 2040. We visualized land change trajectories by mapping regional hotspots of change. Land change trajectories differed in extent and spatial pattern across the EU and among scenarios, indicating trajectory-specific option spaces for alternative land system outcomes. In spite of the large variation in the area of change, similar hotspots of land change were observed among the scenarios. All scenarios indicate a stronger polarization of land use in Europe, with a loss of multifunctional landscapes. We analyzed locations subject to change by comparing location characteristics associated with certain land change trajectories. Results indicate differences in the location conditions of different land change trajectories, with diverging impacts on ecosystem service provisioning. Policy and planning for future land use needs to account for the spatial variation of land change trajectories to achieve both overarching and location-specific targets.
Environmental Science and Pollution Research - Since the establishment of the coastal industrial complex in Gabes city (Gulf of Gabes, SE Tunisia), hundred million tons of untreated phosphogypsum... 相似文献
Plant and soil have been identified as major sink of pollutants in the environment. We evaluated the reliability of biomonitoring of heavy metals in Tshwane area with the use of leaves of Jacaranda mimosifolia. The concentrations of heavy metals such as Ca, Mg, Fe, Pb, Zn, Cu, Sb were measured in leaves of J. mimosifolia and soils collected from 10 sites in the city of Tshwane during two sampling periods. The metals were analyzed with the use of ICP-MS. The result shows significant differences in the concentration of trace metals in all the sites (p < 0.01). The differences between the two sampling periods were statistically significant (p < 0.01). Concentration of metals from high traffic and industrial sites were significantly higher than in the residential areas (p < 0.01). Concentration factor suggests that translocation of metals from roots to leaves could be relevant only for some metals such as Ca, Mg and Sb. The study reveals an anthropogenic source for the trace metals. Leaves of J. mimosifolia were found to be a useful biomonitor of the determined trace metals. 相似文献
The EU Nitrate Directive has spurred many countries to regulate manure production and manure application. Farmers have three allocation options: spreading manure on their own land, transporting manure to other farmers' land or processing manure. The manure problem can be seen as an allocation problem. To better understand this allocation problem, we have developed the spatial mathematical programming multi-agent simulation (MP-MAS) model. This model has been applied in Flanders, Belgium, a region with a high concentration of livestock. The model evaluates the cost efficiency of policy intervention in the manure market through obliged processing. We propose to further optimise the policy using a regionally differentiated manure pressure indicator, which is directly derived from the dual outcome of the mathematical programme. This indicator increases transparency in the manure and processing market, leading to better decision support about location and type of manure processing. 相似文献
Perfluorinated compounds (PFCs) are global environmental pollutants that bioaccumulate in wildlife and humans. Laboratory
experiments have revealed toxic effects such as delayed development, humoral suppression, and hepatotoxicity. Although numerous
human blood levels have been reported, little is known about distribution in the human body. Knowledge about PFC distribution
and accumulation in the human body is crucial to understanding uptake and subsequent effects as well as to conduct risk assessments.
The present study reports PFC levels in human liver and breast milk from a general population living in Catalonia, Spain.
Liver and milk levels are compared to previously reported levels in blood from the same geographic area as well as to other
existing reports on human liver and milk levels in other countries. 相似文献
European legislation stipulates that genetically modified organisms (GMO) have to be monitored to identify potential adverse
environmental effects. A wealth of different types of monitoring data from various sources including existing environmental
monitoring programmes is expected to accumulate. This requires an information system to efficiently structure, process and
evaluate the monitoring data. 相似文献
The chilled ammonia process absorbs the CO2 at low temperature (2–10 °C). The heat of absorption of carbon dioxide by ammonia is significantly lower than for amines. In addition, degradation problems can be avoided and a high carbon dioxide capacity is achieved. Hence, this process shows good perspectives for decreasing the heat requirement. However, a scientific understanding of the processes is required. The thermodynamic properties of the NH3–CO2–H2O system were described using the extended UNIQUAC electrolyte model developed by Thomsen and Rasmussen in a temperature range from 0 to 110 °C and pressure up to 100 bars. The results show that solid phases consisting of ammonium carbonate and bicarbonate are formed in the absorber. The heat requirements in the absorber and in the desorber have been studied. The enthalpy calculations show that a heat requirement for the desorber lower than 2 GJ/ton CO2 can be reached. 相似文献
Besides classical organic pollutants and pesticides, pharmaceuticals and their residues have nowadays become recognized as
relevant environmental contaminants. The risks of these chemicals for aquatic ecosystems are well known, but information about
the pharmaca-plant interactions and metabolic pathways is scarce. Therefore, we investigate the process of uptake of acetaminophen
(N-Acetyl-4-aminophenol) by Brassica juncea, drug-induced defense responses and detoxification mechanisms in different plant parts. 相似文献
New parameterizations for surface–atmosphere exchange of ammonia are presented for application in atmospheric transport models and compared with parameterizations of the literature. The new parameterizations are based on a combination of the results of three years of ammonia flux measurements over a grassland canopy (dominated by Lolium perenne and Poa trivialis) near Wageningen, the Netherlands and existing parameterizations from literature. First, a model for the surface–atmosphere exchange of ammonia that includes the concentration at the external leaf surface is derived and validated. Second, a parameterization for the stomatal compensation point (expressed as Γs, the ratio of [NH4+]/[H+] in the leaf apoplast) that accounts for the observed seasonal variation is derived from the measurements. The new, temperature-dependent Γs describes the observed seasonal behavior very well. It is noted, however, that senescence of plants and field management practices will also influence the seasonal variation of Γs on a shorter timescale. Finally, a relation that links Γs to the atmospheric pollution level of the location through the ‘long-term’ NH3 concentration in the air is proposed. 相似文献