控制BNR工艺好氧、反硝化除磷效果因素实验研究

以实验室动态生物营养物去除(BNR)工艺(BCFS)运行实验为基础,采用静态实验,研究了厌氧初始COD、碳源种类和反应时间对好氧吸磷和反硝化除磷效果的影响,同时将二者进行对比.实验结果表明,好氧吸磷效果随厌氧初始COD升高而增加.厌氧初始COD相同时,以葡萄糖为碳源的实验吸磷速率最快,4 h好氧反应后残余PO34-浓度最低;但以乙酸和丙酸为碳源的实验表现出更强的超量吸磷能力.缺氧条件下,常规反硝化细菌(OHO)引起的常规反硝化限制了本来就速率较低的反硝化除磷过程.当厌氧初始COD为400 mg·L-1时,以葡萄糖、乙酸和丙酸为碳源的实验中反硝化除磷占总除磷量的比例分别为46.12%、32.03%和21.96%.     

医院污水深度(中水)处理工程实例

选用先进的纤维过滤手段解决悬浮的SS的彻底净化问题,该技术的特点是过滤材料特制高分子纤维,采用压缩空纤维间空隙实现过滤,疏松纤维间空隙实现反冲洗,所以效率高、滤速大、占地小、滤料轻、寿命长、反冲洗时间短,出水水质佳.来自污水处理站达标排放水流入储存池暂存,用泵将其提升打入一级PCF滤罐进一步去除水中SS,再由一级PCF进入生物活性炭反应器进一步去除可溶性有机物质,水再由活性炭反应器流入二级PCF滤罐进一步去除由生物活性炭反应器排出的SS(含细微炭粉),最后将由臭氧发生器排出的臭氧吸入污水中再共同进入接触罐中用臭氧消毒水质乙全部达到中水要求.每年节约自来水费用10.46万元.     

"环境友好"阻垢剂——聚环氧琥珀酸应用于火电厂循环冷却水的研究

火电厂循环冷却水阻垢处理以往一般采用一些含磷的阻垢剂和加酸处理,阻垢效果受多方面因素影响较大,不稳定,并且废水外排容易引起水体富营养化,导致环境污染。文章对聚环氧琥珀酸（PEsA）应用于火电厂循环冷却水进行研究,其不但投加量少、阻垢效果好、受碱度影响小,并且具有较好的生物降解能力,不含磷,外排水不会对环境造成污染。另外,PESA对火电厂循环冷却水换热铜管有较好的缓蚀作用,减少换热面的腐蚀。     

UV/O3-Na2S2O8处理活性炭再生冷凝废水效能及机理

过热蒸汽法再生活性炭的过程中会产生大量含难降解有机物的冷凝废水,为去除冷凝废水中难降解COD,提高可生化性,采用紫外/臭氧活化过硫酸盐（UV/O₃-Na₂S₂O₈）氧化体系对活性炭再生冷凝废水进行处理,考察了O₃投加量、初始pH和Na₂S₂O₈投加量等因素对有机物处理效能的影响,并采用红外光谱、紫外-可见光谱和三维荧光等表征手段探究了冷凝废水处理过程中的变化机理。结果表明:当O₃投加量为30 mg/L,pH值为9.0,Na₂S₂O₈投加量为0.4 g/L时,在120 min内对冷凝废水的COD去除率达到82.1%,色度（CN）去除率达到86.3%。冷凝废水可生化性得到提高,BOD₅/COD值由0.17提升至0.46。由冷凝废水溶解性有机物（DOM）的表征可知,DOM中的腐殖质和发色基团被持续氧化,芳构化程度降低,色氨酸类有机物得到有效去除。结论表明,UV/O₃-Na₂S₂O₈氧化体系可有效去除冷凝废水中的难降解有机物。     

Effects of EDTA and plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria on plant growth and heavy metal uptake of hyperaccumulator Sedum alfredii Hance

Phytoremediation is a cost-effective and environment-friendly strategy for decontaminating heavy-metal-contaminated soil. However, the practical use of phytoremediation is constrained by the low biomass of plants and low bioavailability of heavy metals in soil. A pot experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of the metal chelator ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) and EDTA in combination with plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (Burkholderia sp. D54 or Burkholderia sp. D416) on the growth and metal uptake of the hyperaccumulator Sedum alfredii Hance. According to the results, EDTA application decreased shoot and root biomass by 50% and 43%, respectively. The soil respiration and Cd, Pb, Zn uptake were depressed, while the photosynthetic rate, glutathione and phytochelatin (PC) contents were increased by EDTA application. Interestingly, Burkholderia sp. D54 and Burkholderia sp. D416 inoculation significantly relieved the inhibitory effects of EDTA on plant growth and soil respiration. Compared with the control, EDTA + D416 treatment increased the Cd concentration in shoots and decreased the Pb concentration in shoots and roots, but did not change the Zn concentration in S. alfredii plants. Furthermore, EDTA, EDTA + D54 and EDTA + D416 application increased the cysteine and PC contents in S. alfredii (p < 0.05); among all tested PCs, the most abundant species was PC2, and compared with the control, the PC2 content was increased by 371.0%, 1158.6% and 815.6%, respectively. These results will provide some insights into the practical use of EDTA and PGPR in the phytoremediation of heavy-metal-contaminated soil by S. alfredii.     

生态模型在水体富营养化研究领域的应用进展

生态模型在水体富营养化研究领域的应用拥有巨大潜力,为帮助初学者尽快掌握近年来生态模型在水体富营养化领域的研究成果,运用CiteSpace梳理了2008-2018年生态模型在水体富营养化领域的应用进展,以期为生态模型在水环境领域的广泛应用提供参考.以WoS（Web of Science）核心库收录1 523篇文献和CNKI（中国知网）数据库收录的3 779篇文献为样本数据源,通过可视化分析软件CiteSpace进行相应的数据挖掘和计量分析,提炼出生态模型在水体富营养化领域应用进展、前沿热点、演化路径和未来趋势.采用文献调研、分类梳理的方法,系统地分析和总结了EFDC系列模型、CE-QUAL-W2模型、DYRESM-CAEDYM模型、AQUATOX模型、Vollenweider（VOL）模型、PCLake模型、MIKE系列模型、WASP模型在水体富营养化领域应用现状、局限性、不确定性来源及注意事项.结果表明:2008-2018年国外研究应用热点主要涉及富营养化、营养盐循环对水生态系统的影响、气候变化及富营养化水体的管理等领域;国内热点研究则主要集中在水体富营养化问题相关领域应用.研究显示,新型试验数据的采集与获取（遥感数据、高频传感器）、大数据、数据-模型耦合及数据同化、生态建模之间耦合等应用是未来发展趋势.      

金属离子屏蔽腐殖酸对污泥厌氧消化抑制作用实验研究

以实验室培养、几乎不含腐殖质和金属离子的剩余污泥为研究对象,选择与市政污泥中腐殖酸特征相近的市售腐殖酸作为外加填充腐殖质,通过投加外源金属离子实验研究屏蔽腐殖质对污泥厌氧消化过程的抑制作用.结果表明,单独投加Ca2+与Al3+可分别获得65.4%和65.7%的屏蔽抑制率;Ca2++Al3+组合投加效果更佳,可获得高达80.1%的屏蔽抑制率,具有"1+12"的屏蔽抑制效果.然而,过高的金属离子含量(或组合含量)不仅无助于进一步提高屏蔽抑制效果,反而会因抑制微生物活性而导致屏蔽抑制率下降.Ca2+通过阳离子交换产生屏蔽抑制作用,而Al3+主要靠静电作用和网捕卷扫作用产生屏蔽效果.在屏蔽腐殖酸抑制方面,三价金属离子好于二价金属离子的原因是两者的静电作用力大小、作用方式、环境效果不尽相同.     

西安市某文教区典型下垫面径流污染特征

在西安市某文教区路面、屋面和绿地设置径流采样点,采用人工时间间隔采样法对2016年8月~2017年2月的3场降雨径流和2场融雪径流全程采样,测试径流过程SS、COD、TN、TP、Pb、Zn、Cu、Cd、Ni、Cr、PAHs、溶解态COD、溶解态重金属和溶解态PAHs的浓度以及颗粒物粒径d₅₀,研究各下垫面降雨径流污染水平及出流规律,比较不同下垫面降雨径流和融雪径流污染特征.结果表明,各类下垫面降雨径流主要污染物均为SS、COD、TN、Pb、Cr,路面和绿地径流中SS的EMCs均超过《污水综合排放标准》二级标准,3类下垫面降雨径流COD、TN、Pb、Cr的EMCs均超出《地表水环境质量标准》Ⅲ类标准,PAHs与国内相关研究相比属于中等污染水平,路面、屋面和绿地径流的EMC分别为266.8~389.8ng/L、254.9~303.0ng/L和231.2ng/L.路面径流SS、COD、Zn、Pb、Cu、PAHs浓度高于屋面径流,而TN、TP、Cr等指标则相反,表明径流中TN、TP、Cr主要源于大气干湿沉降,而交通排污对SS、COD、Zn、Pb、Cu、PAHs等有较大输入贡献.3类下垫面降雨径流污染浓度输出规律差异显著,路面径流污染物初期浓度较大,受雨期交通排污影响中后段波动剧烈,屋面径流污染物浓度随径流历时持续降低且趋于稳定,绿地径流污染物浓度沿程变化相对较小.降雨强度对总量污染物浓度输出的影响大于溶解态污染物,表现为d₅₀与降雨强度呈现良好的相关性.因降雪期间污染物持续累积且径流量较小,路面融雪径流污染物浓度远大于降雨径流,而屋面融雪径流因流量较小导致携带污染物的能力较弱故水质优于降雨径流.     

Mercury in soil, vegetable and human hair in a typical mining area in China: Implication for human exposure

Concentrations of total mercury(T-Hg) and methylmercury(MeHg) in soil, vegetables, and human hair were measured in a mercury mining area in central China. T-Hg and MeHg concentrations in soil ranged from 1.53 to 1054.97 mg/kg and 0.88 to 46.52 μg/kg, respectively.T-Hg concentrations was correlated with total organic carbon(TOC) content(R~2= 0.50, p0.01)and pH values(R~2= 0.21, p0.05). A significant linear relationship was observed between MeHg concentrations and the abundance of sulfate-reducing bacteria(SRB)(R~2= 0.39, p0.05) in soil.Soil incubation experiments amended with specific microbial stimulants and inhibitors showed that Hg methylation was derived from SRB activity. T-Hg and MeHg concentrations in vegetables were 24.79 – 781.02 μg/kg and 0.01 – 0.18 μg/kg, respectively; levels in the edible parts were significantly higher than in the roots(T-Hg: p0.05; MeHg: p0.01). Hg species concentrations in rhizosphere soil were positively correlated to those in vegetables(p0.01), indicating that soil was an important source of Hg in vegetables. Risk assessment indicated that the consumption of vegetables could result in higher probable daily intake(PDI) of T-Hg than the provisional tolerable daily intake(PTDI) for both adults and children. In contrast, the PDI of MeHg was lower than the reference dose. T-Hg and MeHg concentrations in hair samples ranged from 1.57 to 12.61 mg/kg and 0.04 to 0.94 mg/kg, respectively, and MeHg concentration in hair positively related to PDI of MeHg via vegetable consumption(R~2= 0.39, p0.05), suggesting that vegetable may pose health risk to local residents.