武汉市夏冬季典型大气污染过程的成因与来源分析

为了解武汉市夏冬季大气污染特征、成因及来源,基于武汉市20个监测点的观测数据,针对2017年7月21-31日及2018年1月13-25日两段典型大气污染过程分别展开研究.结果表明:武汉市大气污染呈现明显的季节性变化特征,夏季空气质量最优,春秋次之,冬季相对较差,夏冬季分别呈现明显的O₃和PM_2.5污染特征.夏季大气污染过程中平均ρ（O₃-8 h）为151.6 μg/m3,高温、低湿的气象条件有利于前体物VOCs和NO_x向O₃的转化,O₃的生成主要受VOCs控制,其中芳香烃和烯烃对O₃生成潜势的贡献较大,相对贡献率分别为43.7%和35.6%.冬季污染过程中平均ρ（PM_2.5）为129.1 μg/m3,静稳、高湿的气象条件会促进PM_2.5的吸湿增长及二次生成,二次离子和有机碳的贡献显著,约占ρ（PM_2.5）总量的72.4%.随着污染程度的加重,二次离子的转化程度及VOCs对SOA的生成潜势都逐渐增大,重度污染天气下前体物的二次转化程度约为非污染期的2.1~11.4倍.源解析结果显示,武汉市夏季大气污染过程受溶剂涂料使用、机动车尾气排放和工业排放VOCs的影响较大;冬季则受二次气溶胶源、燃煤工业源及机动车源的影响更大,三者平均贡献率分别为40.5%、30.0%和25.2%.区域传输对武汉市污染天气的发生也有一定影响,夏冬季的污染气团分别来自湖北省东南和西北方向.研究显示,受到不同的气象条件影响,武汉市夏季及冬季分别表现出O₃和PM_2.5污染特征,两段污染过程的发生均与污染前体物较高的二次转化程度和不利的污染扩散条件相关,污染来源呈现一定差异,但均受到区域传输作用的影响.      

湖北冶金建设项目环境评价工作状况的研讨

198 6年以来 ,湖北省冶金企业总投资在 2 0 0 0万元以上的建设项目全部按国家法律、法规要求 ,执行了环评制度。共 6 7项大中型项目进行了环境影响评价 ,从而做到了增产不增污 ,保证了经济效益、社会效益和环境效益的统一 ;满足了工程建设要求。有些报告存在的主要缺陷是 :反映污染的基础数据代表性不够 ;单一的方案使评价无法比较优化 ;评价污染时抓主要矛盾综合分析不够 ;对策建议缺乏针对性和工程实用性 ;污染防治方案欠缺经济分析内容等。分析了存在问题的原因并提出了改进建议。     

武汉市冬夏季大气PM2.5浓度及其烃类化合物的变化特征

分析了武汉市2009年冬夏两个季节大气PM2.5的浓度,并用气相色谱/质谱(GC/MS)技术研究了烃类化合物组成及变化特征。结果表明,PM2.5的质量浓度为25.0～302.4μg/m3,冬季明显高于夏季。检测出nC11～nC34正构烷烃,高碳数部分奇偶优势明显,碳优势指数(CPI)在1.1～2.9,具有高等植物蜡和人为源输入特征,冬夏季分布差异较大;藿烷和甾烷的普遍检出证实了大气颗粒物已明显受到化石燃料残余物的污染,且在冬季浓度相对较高;高环数多环芳烃含量较高,特征性诊断参数表明机动车排放相对较大。     

纳米二氧化钛的改性及光催化氧化烷烃研究

催化剂的表面结构是影响催化反应的重要因素之一.利用原位红外(In-situ FT-IR)、X射线衍射(XRD)和紫外-可见漫反射(UV-Vis DRS)等现代物理技术考察了热处理改性对纳米 TiO2的表面结构、晶相结构、粒子大小、比表面积和吸光性能的影响,采用In-situ FT-IR光谱着重研究了纳米TiO2催化剂上环己烷光催化降解机制及催化剂的结构特性与催化反应之间的相关性.研究表明,400 ℃条件下热处理纳米TiO2具有最佳光催化活性,适宜的表面结构、晶相结构、吸光能力及晶化度是纳米TiO2光催化剂高催化活性的主要原因.借助In-situ FT-IR光谱,观察到环己烷氧化的主要产物是CO2和H2O,同时捕捉到了中间产物CO以及乙酸,提出了环己烷光催化降解的可能机理.     

Optimization and modeling of coagulation-flocculation to remove algae and organic matter from surface water by response surface methodology

Charge neutralization and sweep flocculation were the major mechanisms. Effect of process parameters was investigated. Optimal coagulation conditions were studied by response surface methodology. ANN models presented more robust and accurate prediction than RSM. Seasonal algal blooms of Lake Yangcheng highlight the necessity to develop an effective and optimal water treatment process to enhance the removal of algae and dissolved organic matter (DOM). In the present study, the coagulation performance for the removal of algae, turbidity, dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and ultraviolet absorbance at 254 nm (UV₂₅₄) was investigated systematically by central composite design (CCD) using response surface methodology (RSM). The regression models were developed to illustrate the relationships between coagulation performance and experimental variables. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was performed to test the significance of the response surface models. It can be concluded that the major mechanisms of coagulation to remove algae and DOM were charge neutralization and sweep flocculation at a pH range of 4.66–6.34. The optimal coagulation conditions with coagulant dosage of 7.57 mg Al/L, pH of 5.42 and initial algal cell density of 3.83 × 10⁶ cell/mL led to removal of 96.76%, 97.64%, 40.23% and 30.12% in term of cell density, turbidity, DOC and UV₂₅₄ absorbance, respectively, which were in good agreement with the validation experimental results. A comparison between the modeling results derived through both ANOVA and artificial neural networks (ANN) based on experimental data showed a high correlation coefficient, which indicated that the models were significant and fitted well with experimental results. The results proposed a valuable reference for the treatment of algae-laden surface water in practical application by the optimal coagulation-flocculation process.     

盐酸改性松针生物炭对磺胺甲(噁)唑的吸附性能

以松针为原料,使用盐酸活化制备获得松针生物炭(PBC),将其用于吸附去除水体中的磺胺甲噁唑(SMX)。分别考察了投加量、pH、吸附时间、阴离子浓度等因素对PBC吸附性能的影响,采用吸附动力学模型和吸附等温模型对吸附过程进行了拟合分析。FT-IR、SEM和BET表征结果证明,经盐酸活化后的松针生物炭表面疏松多孔,含有羧基和羟基等含氧官能团。吸附实验结果表明:当PBC投加量为0.4 g·L~(-1)时,吸附60 min后SMX去除率可达97.1%;当pH为4.0～8.0时,随着pH升高,PBC对SMX的去除率下降;CO_3~(2-)和HCO_3~-对吸附反应起抑制作用,CO_3~(2-)抑制作用更强,SO_4~(2-)对吸附过程影响较小;PBC对SMX的吸附可用准二级动力学方程来描述,与Freundlich等温方程式拟合度更好(R~20.98);热力学数据表明PBC对SMX的吸附过程是自发的吸热反应;5次实验后PBC对SMX的去除率仍在40%以上。考虑到PBC吸附效果好,可重复利用,说明PBC具有良好的应用前景,研究可为水污染治理的应用提供参考。     

污水处理工艺对病毒的去除效果及疫情期应急处理技术

在综述了对病毒具有高效物理筛分和截留作用的膜分离工艺和对病毒具有灭活作用的紫外线、液氯/二氧化氯、臭氧3种消毒工艺的基础上,针对疫情期病毒污水的防控提出了应急处理技术:(1)病毒污水的源头控制至关重要;(2)污水及污泥的处理工艺应适当调整,以满足排放标准和处置要求;(3)应当加强相关工作人员个人防护措施。     

Crowding-out effect of coal industry investment in coal mining area: taking Shanxi province in China as a case

The rapid development of coal industry in Shanxi province in China has important effects on its economic development. A large amount of money has been invested into the coal industry and other related industries during the recent years. However, research on the investment effect of Shanxi’s coal industry was rare. In order to analyze the investment effect of coal industry, based on the crowding-out effect model, cointegration test, and the data available in Shanxi Statistical Yearbooks, this paper calculates the effect between coal industry investment and other 17 industry investment. The results show that the investment of coal industry produces crowding-out effect on food industry, building materials industry, and machinery industry. Increasing 1% of the coal industry investment can reduce 0.25% of the food industry investment, or 0.6% of building materials industry investment, or 0.52% of the machinery industry investment, which implies that Shanxi province should adjust coal industrial structure, promote the balance development of coal industry and other industries, so as to promote its economic growth.

     

焙烧态锂铝水滑石对水中氟离子吸附性能研究

采用尿素水热法合成了不同摩尔比的锂铝水滑石(Li/Al LDHs),经480℃煅烧后制备出焙烧态锂铝水滑石(Li/AlLDOs)。研究了Li/Al LDOs对水中氟离子的吸附性能,分别考察了吸附时间、吸附温度和pH等因素对吸附效果的影响,并对吸附机制进行了探讨。结果表明,Li/Al LDOs吸附水中氟离子的行为符合准二级动力学方程,吸附等温数据符合Freundlich吸附等温方程,pH对吸附效果影响较大。X射线衍射分析表明,水滑石样品经历了物相转变及重构过程,Li/Al LDOs可有效去除水体中的氟离子。     

超声波协同活性碳纤维活化过一硫酸盐降解AO7

采用超声波(US)和活性碳纤维(ACF)协同活化过一硫酸盐(PMS)产生硫酸根自由基(SO_4~-·)降解偶氮染料酸性橙7(AO7).在US/ACF/PMS体系中,当ACF投加量为0.3 g·L~(-1),n(PMS)/n(AO7)为20/1,US功率密度为10 W·cm~(-2)时,反应30 min后,AO7完全降解.其中,初始pH对AO7降解有较大的影响,pH为2.0时AO7降解效果最好;Cl~-对US/ACF/PMS体系降解AO7有促进作用,Cl-浓度越高,AO7降解速率越快;且ACF在重复使用4次时,协同US活化PMS对AO7仍具有较好的脱色率.通过总有机碳分析发现,US/ACF/PMS体系对染料AO7具有一定的矿化率.采用紫外可见光谱、气相色谱-质谱(GC/MS)对AO7降解过程进行了分析,表明AO7分子中偶氮键及萘环结构均被破坏,并进一步矿化为CO_2和H_2O.