厦门湾海滩微塑料污染特征

以厦门湾6个典型海滩为工作区,分析海滩微塑料的污染特征.结果表明:①厦门湾6个海滩的微塑料丰度数据范围介于(28. 1±9. 4)～(312. 7±35. 2) n·kg~(-1)之间.②厦门湾海滩微塑料分为碎片类、发泡类、薄膜类和纤维类等4种类型.各站位点均以碎片类和发泡类为主,占总数量的80%左右,薄膜类和纤维类所占比例较少.③厦门湾海滩粒径1 mm的微塑料占最大比例,超过60%.粒径为1～3 mm和3～5 mm的微塑料所占比例较小.④通过红外光谱分析,确认厦门湾海滩微塑料碎片类和纤维类的主要成分是聚乙烯,发泡类和薄膜类的主要成分是聚苯乙烯.⑤通过扫描电镜观测,大部分微塑料表面粗糙、凹凸不平,带有明显裂痕.整体而言,厦门湾海滩微塑料污染处于中等偏下的程度,陆源污染是厦门湾海滩微塑料污染的最主要来源.     

Estimation and inter-comparison of dust aerosols based on MODIS, MISR and AERONET retrievals over Asian desert regions

This study presents detailed analysis of spatiotemporal variations and trend of dust optical properties i.e., Aerosol Optical Depth(AOD) and Angstrom component over Asian desert regions using thirteen years of data(i.e., 2001–2013) retrieved from Aerosol Robotic Network(AERONET), Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer(MODIS) and Multi-angle Imaging Spectroradiometer(MISR). These regions include Solar Village, Dunhuang and Dalangzadgad and are considered as origin of desert aerosols in Asia. Mann–Kendall trend test was used to show the trend of AOD. The relationship of AOD with weather parameters and general AOD trend over different wavelengths has also been shown. AOD's trend has been observed significant throughout the year in Solar Village, while in Dunhuang and Dalanzadgad the significant trend has been found only in peak period(March–June).Analysis show high values of AOD and low values of angstrom in Solar Village during peak period. In Chinese desert regions, high values of AOD have been found during peak period and low values in pre-peak period. Significant relationship has been observed between AOD and average temperature in Solar Village and Dalanzadgad whereas rainfall and wind speed showed no significant impact on AOD in all desert regions.     

基于AOD数据和GWR模型估算京津冀地区PM2.5浓度

利用MODIS气溶胶光学厚度（AOD）数据针对不同土地覆盖类型的适用性,提出了一种基于土地覆盖类型的AOD融合方法,生成了一种新的3km AOD数据集.在此基础上,通过地理加权回归（GWR）模型估算了京津冀地区2016年PM_2.5浓度,并用交叉验证的方法对模型性能进行评价.结果表明：利用融合后的AOD数据建立的模型可解释PM_2.594.85%的浓度变化,交叉验证R²为0.94,RMSE为9.27μg/m³,MPE为6.72μg/m³,明显优于多元线性回归（MLR）模型;基于GWR模型估算的京津冀地区2016年年均PM_2.5浓度为58.57μg/m³,其中冬季PM_2.5浓度最高,春秋季次之,夏季浓度最低,PM_2.5月均浓度变化范围32.78~140.83μg/m³,8月份浓度最低,12月份浓度最高;空间分布南北差异显著,衡水市PM_2.5污染最为严重,张家口市PM_2.5浓度较低.利用此方法成功弥补了PM_2.5空间缺失,为城市尺度的健康效应和环境流行病学研究提供数据支持.     

海滨核电建造期可剥涂层的临时防护性能研究

目的 考察可剥涂层在海洋大气环境下的大型工程建造中的临时防护作用。方法 对来自两个厂家的可剥涂层进行了为期12周的耐候性试验,对可剥涂层在不锈钢及碳钢/环氧两种基底上的可剥离性、防护性和氟氯残留量进行了测试。结果 两个厂家的涂层在外观、耐蚀性、附着力等方面的试验结果没有明显差异,涂层的剥离强度均低于0.05 kN/m,涂层剥离后不锈钢表面的氟氯离子残留量远低于15 ?g/dm2,试验周期内环氧漆色差变化较小。结论 两个厂家的可剥涂层在光泽、硬度和剥离强度等测试方面的结果上存在差异,但对环氧漆均有着较好的防护作用,试验期内剥离性良好,且无有害化学元素残留,具有较高的工程应用价值。     

国土空间规划“三条控制线”划定的沈阳实践与优化探索

国务院机构改革前,生态保护红线、永久基本农田、城镇开发边界三条控制线分别由国家不同部委主导划定,存在划定过程统筹协同不够、划定结果交叉重叠、实施管理困难等问题。国务院机构改革后,自然资源部负责建立国土空间规划体系,要求在资源环境城镇能力和国土空间开发适宜性评价基础上,自上而下逐级统筹划定落实三条控制线。本文总结了沈阳作为试点城市,在三条控制线划定中的矛盾冲突表现与成因,构建三条控制线与生态、农业、城镇三大空间关系,建立管控体系与调整规则,并阐释在市级权限范围内的调整优化做法。研究发现：三条控制线存在空间交叉重叠、功能难以区分的现象,主要是因为基本农田承担了限制城市空间蔓延的使命,指标不允许跨行政区调整导致部分基本农田不得不安排到城镇内部;由于概念界定不同导致部分城市公园被划入生态保护红线;生态保护红线内的部分耕地被先期划为永久基本农田。提出国土空间规划背景下三条控制线优化建议：一是突出既是政策线又是技术线的特征,自上而下和自下而上相结合划定;二是国家自上而下对基本农田调整政策和制度进行创新;三是建立事权分级管理机制,合理预留地方事权弹性。     

Sulfur speciation and bioaccumulation in camphor tree leaves as atmospheric sulfur indicator analyzed by synchrotron radiation XRF and XANES

Analyzing and understanding the effects of ambient pollution on plants is getting more and more attention as a topic of environmental biology.A method based on synchrotron radiation X-ray fluorescence and X-ray absorption near edge structure spectroscopy was established to analyze the sulfur concentration and speciation in mature camphor tree leaves (CTLs),which were sampled from 5 local fields in Shanghai,China.Annual SO2 concentration,SO42-concentration in atmospheric particulate,SO42-and sulfur concentration in soil were also analyzed to explore the relationship between ambient sulfur sources and the sulfur nutrient cycling in CTLs.Total sulfur concentration in mature camphor tree leaves was 766-1704 mg/kg.The mainly detected sulfur states and their corresponding compounds were +6 (sulfate,include inorganic sulfate and organic sulfate),+5.2 (sulfonate),+2.2 (suloxides),+0.6 (thiols and thiothers),+0.2 (organic sulfides).Total sulfur concentration was strongly correlated with sulfate proportion with a linear correlation coefficient up to 0.977,which suggested that sulfur accumulated in CTLs as sulfate form.Reduced sulfur compounds (organic sulfides,thiols,thioethers,sulfoxide and sulfonate) assimilation was sufficed to meet the nutrient requirement for growth at a balanced level around 526 mg/kg.The sulfate accumulation mainly caused by atmospheric sulfur pollution such as SO2 and airborne sulfate particulate instead of soil contamination.From urban to suburb place,sulfate in mature CTLs decreased as the atmospheric sulfur pollution reduced,but a dramatic increase presented near the seashore,where the marine sulfate emission and maritime activity pollution were significant.The sulfur concentration and speciation in mature CTLs effectively represented the long-term biological accumulation of atmospheric sulfur pollution in local environment.     

土壤净化槽对农村污水中内分泌干扰物的去除效果

以土壤净化槽污水处理系统为研究对象,采用固相萃取-色谱质谱检测方法,分析了云南洱海流域农村污水中3种天然雌激素类内分泌干扰物〔E1(雌酮)、E2(雌二醇)和E3(雌三醇)〕和2种人工合成内分泌干扰物〔EE2(炔雌醇)和BPA(双酚A)〕的质量浓度与去除效果. 结果表明,洱海流域农村污水中天然雌激素的质量浓度远高于人工合成内分泌干扰物,E1与E2为污水中天然雌激素内分泌干扰物的主要成分,占87.1%~99.2%. 土壤净化槽对天然雌激素类内分泌干扰物、EE2和BPA的净化能力分别为1.42~168.21、0.64和3.48mg/(m2·a). E1、E2和E3在土壤中的平均残留率分别为4.3%、6.3%和3.8%,其中90%以上的雌激素物质在土壤净化槽系统中被降解或转化. 土壤净化槽对天然雌激素、EE2和BPA的平均去除率分别为70.3%、63.6%和77.8%,对常规污染物COD_Cr(69.8%)、TP(88.7%)、TN(57.2%)和NH₃-N(88.7%)的去除效果也较好. 土壤净化槽可以有效去除村落污水中的内分泌干扰物、有机物以及氮磷污染物,对削减村镇面源污染、减少入湖污染负荷以及改善流域内的水环境质量具有重要作用.      

生化尾水垂直流-水平潜流组合湿地净化研究

采用垂直上升流-水平潜流组合人工湿地装置,对处理污水处理厂生化尾水进行深度处理,选用陶粒、沸石和砾石3种填料,美人蕉、再力花和菖蒲3种植物配置成6种不同的组合.8个月的试验结果表明,水力负荷为0.5 m3/(m2·d),试验装置对NH3-N和TP的去除效果较好,NH3-N平均去除率在69.3％以上,6组试验装置中4组的TP平均去除率在50％以上;COD,N03--N和TN去除效果较差,平均去除率分别在12.5％～ 15.1％,-1.8％ ～ 9.6％和6.3％～ 17.9％之间.以陶粒为填料种植美人蕉的组合湿地装置脱氮除磷效果最好,NH3-N,TN,N03--N,TP的平均去除率分别达到80.9％,17.9％,9.6％,77.5％.     

铈负载改性天然沸石催化臭氧氧化水中青霉素G

以改性天然沸石(NZ)为载体,采用等体积浸渍法制备Ce负载天然沸石催化剂(Ce-NZ),将其应用于催化臭氧氧化水中青霉素G(PCN)。比表面积(BET)、扫描电镜-能谱(SEM-EDS)、透射电镜(TEM)和X射线衍射(XRD)表征结果表明,Ce-NZ催化剂保持了天然沸石的表面结构,CeO₂均匀负载在沸石载体的表面。Ce-NZ催化臭氧氧化水中PCN结果显示,催化剂具有良好的活性,在PCN初始浓度为50 mg/L,臭氧投加量为6 mg/min,反应时间为2 h时,4%Ce-NZ催化剂对PCN的去除率为31%,比单独臭氧氧化提高了22%。随着Ce负载量的增加,催化剂的催化活性提高有限,最佳Ce负载量为4%;溶液初始pH对反应有显著影响,提高溶液pH可以提高催化氧化效率;制备的Ce-NZ催化剂稳定性较好,重复使用10次后催化活性没有明显降低。