大庆油田落地原油对土壤污染的研究

大庆油田是中国最重要的原油生产基地,开发建设50多年来,已累计生产原油18.2亿吨.不可避免地在油田生产过程中产生大量的落地原油,对土壤造成了严重的污染.落地原油在土壤中的迁移主要有横向迁移和纵向迁移:横向迁移对土壤的污染成辐射状分布,污染强度随污染源的距离增加而迅速降低,污染源周围污染最重的区域在0 m～40 m范围内,占总量90%以上,横向迁移范围确定在150 m以内;落地原油纵向迁移绝大部分集中在距土壤表面0 cm～10 cm范围内,竖向迁移一般不超过70 cm.落地原油污染土壤中主要污染物包括总烃、芳烃、酚、苯并[a]芘和硫化物,通过落地原油污染土壤的模拟实验可知总烃、芳烃、苯并[a]芘和硫化物含量,随原油浓度增加而明显增加,呈明显正相关性;其一元线性回归方程分别为Y=0.470X-17.88、Y=0.119X-6.13、Y=0.0076X-0.30、Y=0.000055X 0.089.     

Effectiveness evaluation of water-sprinkling in controlling urban fugitive road dust based on TRAKER method: A case study in Baoding, China

Fugitive road dust (FRD) contributes a great deal to urban rainwater and air pollution and is commonly controlled by water-sprinkling in most Chinese cities. However, there is a lack of information on its effectiveness. We used the Testing Re-entrained Aerosol Kinetic Emissions from Roads (TRAKER) method to monitor different types of roads in Baoding city before and within 1 hr after water-sprinkling and obtained the road dirtiness index (a) and PM concentration in the road environment ($T_{\mathrm{T}}^{*}$), to evaluate the removal efficiency for PM deposited on the road surface (${\eta }_a$) and the reduction efficiency for the PM concentration in the road environment (${\eta }_{\text{PM}}$). The results give that the ${\eta }_a$ for three types of roads is ranked: branch road (87%-–100%) > major arterial road (80%-83%) > minor arterial road (68%-77%), and the ${\eta }_{\text{PM}}$ ranked: minor arterial road (70%) > branch road (46%-58%) > major arterial road (37%-53%). The ${\eta }_a$ and ${\eta }_{\text{PM}}$ varied non-linearly with time and presented a quadratic curve. The average effective control time (${\eta }_{\mathit{a}}$> 0) was 62 min on the major and minor arterial roads, and much longer than 1 hr on branch roads. The ${\eta }_{\text{PM}}$ values diminished completely by 72 min on average from the end of sprinkling for the three types of roads. Water-sprinkling can remove PM₁₀ particles from the road surface and reduce their concentration in the road environment more thoroughly than PM_2.5. Our findings could be helpful for controlling urban FRD emissions more efficiently and precisely.     

Population growth, management and environmental degradation in China

Environmental problems in China can be divided into two large classes: pollution and destruction of natural environment. Environmental degradation is particularly serious in areas with rapid population growth. In this paper, some of China's major environmental problems, particularly those concerned with land, forests, and continental waters are introduced in order to see how population growth and management have affected these resources over the past few decades. It is also explained how the Chinese plan to cope and eventually solve these problems.     

速灭菊酯在水稻-水-鱼系统中的动态

采用同位素示踪技术和模拟生态系统试验法,对水田施用速灭菊酯后对邻近水域的污染、水域中鱼类对速灭菊酯残留物的浓缩和排除等进行了研究,结果表明,在田表水中,残留物浓度随处理后时间而迅速降低。水系中淤泥对水中残留物有明显的吸附净化作用,鱼对水中速灭菊酯残留物的摄取和排除均很迅速。 用二室模型对速灭菊酯残留物在田表水中的消失、用一级输入和输出的单室模型对鱼体中残留物浓度随时间的变化动态研究表明,在田表水中,土壤对水中残留物起着强烈的吸附净化作用;在水系中,鱼体中残留物浓度的消长主要取决于残留物自身在水中的消失速率,只是在前期同时依赖于鱼体对残留物的排除效应,鱼体的摄入常数只对鱼体累积浓度最大值及到达最大值的时间T_m产生影响。     

铁屑微电解法预处理硝基氯苯生产废水的研究

研究了铁屑微电解法预处理某农药厂硝基氯苯生产废水。实验结果表明，铁屑微电解法可有效降低废水CODcr和色度，显著提高废水可生化性。废水经处理，CODcr去除率为73％，色度去除率达90％，BODs／CODcr从0．06提高到0．31。通过实验确定了最佳工艺条件,并探讨了各主要因素对处理效果的影响。另外，本文还分析了废水可生化性提高的原因。     

预处理的铜绿假单胞菌对Cu2+的生物吸附研究

从电镀废水污泥中分离，纯化获一高抗铜菌株，经鉴定为铜绿假单胞菌（Pseudomonas aeruginosa)，采用不同浓度盐酸对铜绿假单胞菌进行预处理，同时考察了不同因素如溶液的pH，温度，摇床转速，接触反应时间对未处理菌和预处理的影响，结果表明，经0．1NHCl预处理的菌体具有最佳吸附效果，pH、摇床转速对菌体的吸附具有较显著影响，温度对菌体吸附影响不大。     

BCO分光光度法快速测定含铜三氯化铁蚀刻废液中的铜

采用双环已酮草酰二腙 (简称BCO)光度法 ,对含铜三氯化铁蚀刻废液综合利用过程中铜的快速测定进行了研究。重点对铁基体对于铜测定的干扰情况进行了研究。在选择的最佳分析条件下 ,测定三氯化铁蚀刻废液综合利用过程含铜浓度为 0 4 6g L的还原液时 ,其相对标准偏差和加标回收率分别为 1 0 5 %、99 2 1%、10 0 2 %。本方法简单快速 ,测定 1～ 2个样品仅需 30min。     

水中酚类有机污染物HPLC分析及其应用

超声辐照技术降解水中有机污染物，其降解效率的主平价需要简单、快捷和精确的分析方法。为此研究了5种优先控制酚类污染物的HPLC分离及定量分析方法，方法的定量范围为0.4-100mg/L，检测限介于0.34-0.79ng/μL。4－氯酚的超声降解实验表明，随着反应溶液中4－氯酚初始浓度的降低，降解效率明显提高，因此该方法适用于超声降解过程中酚类污染物的跟踪测定。     

Recovery of heavy metals from electroplating sludge and stainless steel pickle waste liquid by ammonia leaching method

１　ＩｎｔｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｏｎＥｌｅｃｔｒｏｐｌａｔｉｎｇｓｌｕｄｇｅ，ｃｏｎｔａｉｎｉｎｇＣｕ，Ｎｉ，Ｚｎ，Ｃｒ，Ｆｅ，ｅｔｃ．，ｉｓｈａｒｍｆｕｌｗａｓｔｅｍａｔｅｒｉａｌｐｒｏｄｕｃｅｄｂｙｇａｌｖａｎｉｚａｔｉｏｎｉｎｄｕｓｔｒｙ．Ｔｈｅｒｅｉｓｓｔｉｌｌｎｏｅｆｆｅｃｔｉｖｅｍｅｔｈｏｄｔｏｒｅｃｏｖｅｒｒｅｓｏｕｒｃｅａｎｄｃｏｎｔｒｏｌｐｏｌｌｕｔｉｏｎｂｏｔｈａｔｈｏｍｅａｎｄａｂｒｏａｄ．Ｔｈｅｍｅｔａｌｓｄｉｓｃａｒｄｅｄｂｙｇａｌｖａｎｉｚａｔｉｏｎｉｎｄｕｓｔｒｙａｍｏｕｎ…     

小诺霉素发酵废水好氧生物处理试验研究

对具有强抑制性污染物的抗生素小诺霉素发酵废水，选择活性污泥、粉末活性炭（ＰＡＣＴ）、纯氧曝气等３种好氧生物处理法进行了比较试验。根据实验结果，小诺霉素发酵废水的生物降解呈抑制动力学，采用Ｍａｒｑｕａｒｔ方法对动力学模式进行参数估计。ＰＡＣＴ能够有效地降低降解过程中微生物受到的抑制作用，从而明显地改善了生物处理过程动力学。