垂序商陆茎叶收获物“水热液化”脱除重金属及生物质转化

以超富集植物之一的垂序商陆茎叶收获物为对象,以实现其中有害金属高效分离及生物质转化为目标,开展了垂序商陆茎叶收获物"水热液化"后处理工艺研究,考察了"水热液化"工艺温度、固液比及催化剂等因素对垂序商陆茎叶中锰及其他有害金属分离和生物油转化的影响,优化了实验参数。结果表明,在粒度为200目(75μm)、液固比为13.3∶1、压强为23 MPa、温度为373℃、反应时间为30 min、催化剂为0.1 mol/L K2CO3条件下可将垂序商陆茎叶中97%以上的锰及其他有害金属分离到水溶液中,86.24%的生物质转化成粗生物油。生物油经GC-MS等测定表明其主要由11.64%的苯类、51.91%酮类、18.71%的苯酚、6.24%烯类、4.20%的醚类和8.0%的氨类及其他有机物,相对分子量分布为94~138,碳数分布为6~9,热值26.72 MJ/kg。     

水资源规划优化技术研究进展及展望

文章针对水资源管理与规划的发展过程,详细论述了水资源系统管理与规划中常用优化技术的国内外研究成果及应用。根据是否考虑了模型参数或者模型结构的不确定性问题,将优化模型分为确定性优化模型和不确定性优化模型,同时对每种优化技术做了简要介绍,通过对不确定性优化模型的详细介绍指出了不确定性优化是当前水资源系统优化的热点;同时指出当前不确定性优化技术存在的问题,未来不确定性优化技术发展方向为多种不确定性以及多重效益的综合考虑等。     

节能环保型文化创意旅游发展策略研究

节能环保理念注重节约能源的消耗量,文化创意旅游是帮助城市实现特色化建设的载体,如何在低能耗前提下,更加完善节能环保型文化创意旅游的发展策略,成为了旅游业的首要目标。为解决上述问题,以文化创意旅游面临的发展障碍及演变过程作为出发点,研究节能环保与创意旅游之间的内在联系。通过二者之间的内在联系,结合一定的数据调查分析,确定节能环保型文化创意旅游的未来发展方向。     

氧化沟活性污泥膨胀的原因和控制

荆门石化污水处理场采用氧化沟处理工艺。针对在处理炼油污水过程中发生的污泥膨胀现象，根据运行数据，对活性污泥膨胀的原因进行分析和讨论，并提出建议。     

温度对ABR反应器处理效果和微生物群落结构的影响

采用厌氧折流板反应器(Anaerobic baffled reactor, ABR)工艺处理模拟养猪场废水,考察低温(15±1)℃、中温(35±1)℃、高温(50±1)℃等3个温度条件对ABR处理效果和微生物群落结构的影响.同时,在水力停留时间HRT为24 h,进水COD为2000 mg·L^-1的条件下,考察了不同温度条件对ABR系统出水COD、pH、挥发性脂肪酸(Volatile fatty acid, VFA)的影响.最后,采用扫描电镜和荧光原位杂交技术(Fluorescence in situ hybridization, FISH)分别考察了不同温度条件对污泥微生物形态、种群结构和相对丰度的影响.结果显示,中温条件下系统的COD去除率最高,保持在96%以上,而低温和高温条件下系统的COD去除率均在70%左右;温度变化对反应器内pH值的影响不大;VFA含量在中温条件下最低,表示反应器运行最稳定;FISH结果显示,中温条件下系统真细菌和古细菌的总相对丰度最高,比低温和高温条件下分别高出12%和27%.     

四川盆地农业自然环境质量综合评价研究

本文用一种综合定量的方法,评价了四川盆地130个县的农业自然环境质量,获得了比传统的定性描述更直观、确切的结果。分析显示,四川盆地农业自然环境的自然潜力质量、生态质量和综合质量均属“一般”质量等级,并非通常所言“农业自然条件优越”:生态质量和自然潜力质量因盆地地形引起的各种质量因子的变化,有明显的区域差别。文中各种参评因子的量化及评价模型,可为农业自然环境质量评价研究提供参考。     

Effects of iron oxide nanoparticles on phenotype and metabolite changes in hemp clones (Cannabis sativa L.)

● Fe₃O₄ NPs increased the biomass and chlorophyll content of hemp clones. ● Fe₃O₄ NPs penetrated and were internalized by root cells. ● Fe₃O₄ NPs induced the alteration of metabolite profiles in hemp leaves. ● The psychoactive compound THC in hemp leaves was significantly down-regulated. We investigated the effect of iron oxide nanoparticles (Fe₃O₄ NPs, ~17 nm in size) on the phenotype and metabolite changes in hemp (Cannabis sativa L.), an annual crop distributed worldwide. Hemp clones were grown in hydroponic cultures with Fe₃O₄ NPs (50, 100, 200, or 500 mg/L) for four weeks. TEM and ICP-MS were used to determine Fe₃O₄ NPs uptake and translocation. LC-MS-based metabolomics was employed to explore the deep insight into the effect of Fe₃O₄ NPs on hemp plants. The results revealed that plant growth enhanced gradually with increasing concentrations of given NPs up to 200 mg/L, which improved the fresh weight and dry weight by 36.13% and 74.68%, respectively, compared to the control. Even at a high dose (500 mg/L), Fe₃O₄ NPs promoted plant growth, including increased biomass and tissue length. NPs significantly increased the iron and chlorophyll content in plant tissues Increased catalase activity and reduced hydrogen peroxide content in hemp leaves suggested that the Fe₃O₄ NPs activated the defense system. TEM showed that NPs were abundantly attached to the cell wall and dispersed throughout the root cells. Metabolomics revealed that Fe₃O₄ NPs induced metabolic reprogramming in hemp leaves, including the up-regulation of carbohydrates and organic acids, and down-regulation of antioxidants, especially tetrahydrocannabinol (THC). The significantly up-regulated metabolites, including peonidin and 2-hydroxycinnamic acid, could be involved in photosynthesis in hemp plants. These results demonstrate the potential of Fe₃O₄ NPs for promoting hemp growth and decreasing the THC content at low doses.     

社会环境检测机构质量监管措施研讨

就目前的情况而言,我国在社会环境检测机构质量不容乐观。因此,我们应该根据实际情况,来设置相应的社会环境检测监管方案。我们可以通过严格规范社会环境检测机构市场准入门槛、创设专门的社会环境检测机构质量监管部门、创设社会环境检测机构网上投诉平台等方式,来提升监管力度,让社会环境检测机构正确发挥其应有的作用。     

四川盆地旱灾危险度初步研究

本文根据旱灾的特点提出了一种综合评价旱灾可能危险程度的方法,并用此法对四川盆地旱灾进行了危险度分级、分区以及防灾、减灾研究。     

Nitrification and denitrification in biological activated carbon filter for treating high ammonia source water

Since the ammonia in the effluent of the traditional water purification process could not meet the supply demand, the advanced treatment of a high concentration of NH₄ ⁺-N micro-polluted source water by biological activated carbon filter (BACF) was tested. The filter was operated in the downflow manner and the results showed that the removing rate of NH₄ ⁺-N was related to the influent concentration of NH₄ ⁺-N. Its removing rate could be higher than 95% when influent concentration was under 1.0 mg/L. It could also decrease with the increasing influent concentration when the NH₄ ⁺-N concentration was in the range from 1.5 to 4.9 mg/L and the dissolved oxygen (DO) in the influent was under 10 mg/L, and the minimum removing rate could be 30%. The key factor of restricting nitrification in BACF was the influent DO. When the influent NH₄ ⁺-N concentration was high, the DO in water was almost depleted entirely by the nitrifying and hetetrophic bacteria in the depth of 0.4 m filter and the filter layer was divided into aerobic and anoxic zones. The nitrification and degradation of organic matters existed in the aerobic zone, while the denitrification occurred in the anoxic zone. Due to the limited carbon source, the denitrification could not be carried out properly, which led to the accumulation of the denitrification intermediates such as NO₂ ⁻. In addition to the denitrification bacteria, the nitrification and the heterotrophic bacteria existed in the anoxic zone. __________ Translated from Environmental Science, 2006, 27(1): 69–73 [译自: 环境科学]