Detoxifying PCDD/Fs and heavy metals in fly ash from medical waste incinerators with a DC double arc plasma torch

Medical waste incinerator (MWI) fly ash is regarded as a highly toxic waste because it contains high concentrations of heavy metals anddioxins, including polychlorinateddibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs) and polychlorinateddibenzofurans (PCDFs). Therefore fly ash from MWI must be appropriately treated before beingdischarged into the environment. A melting process based on adirect current thermal plasma torch has beendeveloped to convert MWI fly ash into harmless slag. The leaching characteristics of heavy metals in fly ash and vitrified slag were investigated using the toxicity characteristic leaching procedure, while the content of PCDD/Fs in the fly ashes and slags was measured using method 1613 of the US EPA. The experimental results show that thedecomposition rate of PCDD/Fs is over 99% in toxic equivalent quantity value and the leaching of heavy metals in the slag significantlydecreases after the plasma melting process. The produced slag has a compact and homogeneous microstructure withdensity of up to2.8 g/cm3 .     

论基岩滑坡的启程弹冲与行程高速

剧动式高速滑坡是一种大量存在于天然界的地质灾害,特别一些高陡斜坡地区更频繁发生。其活动时间短、速度快、滑程远,有时方量很大,常给人们带来毁灭性的灾难。作者从动力学角度出发,运用弹性力学的理论,以分析三峡广家崖滑坡危岩体为例,并结合大量实际资料,对基岩滑坡的“启程弹冲加速效应”与“行程高速度”,给以理论上的论证和探讨。     

论可持续发展的思想与概念

本文阐述了可持续发展思想的形成与发展,从哲学、伦理、生态学、科学技术、社会经济和人类社会发展规律揭示了可持续发展思想形成的深刻背景,并从“天-人”、“人-地”和“人-人”关系定义了可持续发展的概念。     

开封市不同功能区叶面尘重金属含量及潜在生态风险

以开封市5个功能区(文教区、旅游区、居民区、闹市区、工业区)叶面尘为研究对象,获得冬青(Ilex chinensis Sims.)及石楠(Photinia Lindl.)叶面尘样品22个.采用电感耦合等离子体发射光谱仪(ICP-AES)测定叶面尘Cd、Cr、Cu、Pb、Zn和Ni含量,用相关性分析对叶面尘重金属来源进行解析,同时应用地积累指数及潜在生态风险评价法分析不同功能区叶面尘重金属污染及潜在生态风险.结果表明:叶面尘Cd、Pb、Zn、Cu和Cr含量均显著高于开封市周边灰尘背景值.叶面尘Pb、Zn、Cd属于人为源重金属,Cr、Cu、Ni属于混合源重金属.叶面尘不同重金属地积累指数的大小顺序为CdPbZnCuCrNi,Cd为重污染,Pb和Zn为中污染,Cu和Cr为偏中污染,Ni无污染.7种重金属的单项潜在生态风险指数(Er)的顺序依次为CdPbCuZnCrNi,Cd达到极高生态风险,Pb达到中等生态风险,其余重金属为低生态风险.不同功能区潜在生态风险(RI)的顺序为工业区闹市区居民区文教区旅游区.所有功能区的RI均属于极高生态风险,Cd是最主要的致险因子.     

Synthesis of a novel ternary HA/Fe-Mn oxides-loaded biochar composite and its application in cadmium(Ⅱ) and arsenic(Ⅴ) adsorption

Cadmium(Cd) and arsenic(As) are two of the most toxic elements. However, the chemical behaviors of these two elements are different, making it challenging to utilize a single adsorbent with high adsorption capacity for both Cd(Ⅱ) and As(Ⅴ) removal. To solve this problem, we synthesized HA/Fe-Mn oxides-loaded biochar(HFMB), a novel ternary material,to perform this task, wherein scanning electron microscopy(SEM) combined with EDS(SEMEDS) was used to characterize its morphological and physicochemical properties. The maximum adsorption capacity of HFMB was 67.11 mg/g for Cd(Ⅱ) and 35.59 mg/g for As(Ⅴ),which is much higher compared to pristine biochar(11.06 mg/g, 0 mg/g for Cd(Ⅱ) and As(Ⅴ),respectively). The adsorption characteristics were investigated by adsorption kinetics and the effects of the ionic strength and pH of solutions. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS)and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy(FT-IR) revealed that chelation and deposition were the adsorption mechanisms that bound Cd(Ⅱ) to HFMB, while ligand exchange was the adsorption mechanism that bound As(Ⅴ).     

Review on fate of chlorine during thermal processing of solid wastes

Chlorine(Cl) is extensively present in solid wastes, causing significant problems during the thermal conversion of waste to energy or fuels, by combustion, gasification or pyrolysis.This paper introduces the analytical methods for determining the Cl content in solid materials and presents the concentrations of Cl in various types of wastes, as reported in literature. Then, it provides a comprehensive analysis on the Cl emission behavior and Cl species formed during the thermal processing of the inorganic and organic Cl sources. The challenges resulted from the reactions between the formed Cl species and the ferrous metals, the heavy metals and the organic matters are summarized and discussed, e.g., high temperature corrosion, heavy metal evaporation and dioxin formation. The quality degradation of products(oil, char and syngas) by Cl is analyzed. Finally, the available controlling methods of Cl emission, including pre-treatment(water washing, sorting,microwave irradiation and stepwise pyrolysis) and in-furnace(absorbents, co-treatment and catalysts) methods are assessed.     

酸性矿山废水对沉积物真核微生物群落的影响

对受酸性矿山废水污染的橫石河上游到下游水体和沉积物中理化参数以及沉积物中真核微生物的多样性进行系统调查,使用斯皮尔曼相关性分析和典范对应分析（CCA）甄别真核微生物群落的主要环境胁迫因子.结果表明：橫石河中真核微生物优势种群为真菌门（Fungi）（4.51%~86.69%）、绿藻门（Chlorophyta）（0.61%~77.36%）和纤毛虫门（Ciliophora）（0.81%~34.91%）.沉积物中真核微生物群落Alpha多样性随酸性矿山废水污染梯度降低而逐渐升高.与原核微生物群落不同,酸性矿山废水环境沉积物中真核微生物群落结构的变化主要受硫酸根和电导率的影响.     

HSL色彩空间在电磁态势可视化中的应用

电磁环境态势显示可视化技术是目前虚拟战场条件下非常重要的一个研究课题。利用RGB与HSL颜色空间的相互转换,将电磁环境数据转化为图像,全面直观地表现电磁场的分布情况。并最终将作战区域内的电磁场信息以态势图的形式在计算机屏幕上显示出来。     

简单多边形的三角化算法

提出了一种针对简单多边形的快速三角化算法。该算法利用了多边形的方向性,计算出了多边形每个顶点凹凸性。根据多边形的凹点和凸点的特性,将多边形逐步分割成一系列不可再分割的三角形,实现了多边形的三角化。     

Biofilm response and removal via the coupling of visible-light-driven photocatalysis and biodegradation in an environment of sulfamethoxazole and Cr(VI)

The widespread contamination of water systems with antibiotics and heavy metals has gained much attention. Intimately coupled visible -light-responsive photocatalysis and biodegradation (ICPB) provides a novel approach for removing such mixed pollutants. In ICPB, the photocatalysis products are biodegraded by a protected biofilm, leading to the mineralization of refractory organics. In the present study, the ICPB approach exhibited excellent photocatalytic activity and biodegradation, providing up to ∼1.27 times the degradation rate of sulfamethoxazole (SMX) and 1.16 times the Cr(VI) reduction rate of visible-light-induced photocatalysis . Three-dimensional fluorescence analysis demonstrated the synergistic ICPB effects of photocatalysis and biodegradation for removing SMX and reducing Cr(VI). In addition, the toxicity of the SMX intermediates and Cr(VI) in the ICPB process significantly decreased. The use of MoS₂/CoS₂ photocatalyst accelerated the separation of electrons and holes, with•O₂^– and h⁺ attacking SMX and e^– reducing Cr(VI), providing an effective means for enhancing the removal and mineralization of these mixed pollutants via the ICPB technique. The microbial community results demonstrate that bacteria that are conducive to pollutant removal are were enriched by the acclimation and ICPB operation processes, thus significantly improving the performance of the ICPB system.