Formation and cytotoxicity of a new disinfection by-product (DBP) phenazine by chloramination of water containing diphenylamine

Disinfection by-products (DBPs) in drinking water have caused worldwide concern due to their potential carcinogenic effects. The formation of phenazine from diphenylamine (DPhA) chloramination was studied and its cytotoxicities for two human cancer cells were also investigated. Phenazine was detected synchronously with the consumption of DPhA by chloramination, which further confirmed that the new DBP phenazine can be produced along with N-nitrosodiphenylamine (NDPhA) from DPhA chloramination. The formation of phenazine had a maximum molar yield with solution pH increasing from 5.0 to 9.0, with phenazine as the main product for DPhA chloramination at lower pH, but higher pH favored the formation of NDPhA. Thus, solution pH is the key factor in controlling the formation of phenazine and NDPhA. Both the initial DPhA and chloramine concentrations did not show a significant effect on the molar yields of phenazine, although increasing the chloramine concentration could speed up the reaction rate of DPhA with chloramines. The cytotoxicity assays showed that phenazine had significant cell-specific toxicity towards T24 (bladder cancer cell lines) and HepG2 (hepatic tumor cell lines) cells with IC50 values of 0.50 and 2.04 mmol/L, respectively, and T24 cells being more sensitive to phenazine than HepG2 cells. The IC50 values of phenazine, DPhA, and NDPhA for T24 cells were of the same order of magnitude and the cytotoxicity of phenazine for T24 cells was slightly lower than that of NDPhA (IC50, 0.16 mmol/L), suggesting that phenazine in drinking water may have an adverse effect on human health.     

胶州湾北岸潮间带三-(2,3-二溴丙基)异氰脲酸酯和六溴环十二烷的分布水平

对胶州湾北岸潮间带底泥样品中三-(2,3-二溴丙基)异氰脲酸酯(tris-(2,3-dibromopropyl)isocyanurate,TBC)和六溴环十二烷(hexabromocyclododecanes,HBCDs)的3种同分异构体(α-HBCD、β-HBCD、γ-HBCD)的分布水平进行分析,结合索氏提取与Waters ACQUITY UPLC-MS-MS超高效液相色谱-质谱联用仪检测出TBC和HBCDs的3种同分异构体α-HBCD、β-HBCD、γ-HBCD,浓度范围分别为1.20~5.62 ng·g~(-1)(干重)、1.18~1.54 ng·g~(-1)(干重)、1.50~1.85 ng·g~(-1)(干重)、2.12~2.99 ng·g~(-1)(干重)。其中,TBC在河流入海口处的浓度较高,γ-HBCD占ΣHBCDs的比例(44.75%)最高,且相关性分析表明TBC和HBCDs可能有相似的污染来源。最近,斯德哥尔摩公约持久性有机污染物审查委员会(POPRC)将HBCDs列入POPs名单加以限制使用,这表明其具有一定的环境风险,未来可能对环境和人类健康造成的危害应该引起足够的重视。     

孕酮诱导非洲爪蟾卵母细胞生发泡破裂(GVBD)实验方法的优化及干扰物质筛查

非洲爪蟾卵母细胞生发泡破裂(GVBD)是生物学上研究卵细胞成熟过程及其机制的良好模型。由于GVBD受激素的调控,曾有研究将孕酮诱导的非洲爪蟾GVBD试验用于内分泌干扰物的筛查。通过预注射人体绒毛膜促性腺激素(HCG)提高非洲爪蟾卵母细胞对孕酮的敏感性、缩小个体差异,缩短试验时间等优化GVBD试验方法;并选用甲氧氯作为阳性参照物对优化的方法进行验证,最后用此方法研究了米非司酮、来曲唑、咪鲜胺3种化学物质对孕酮诱导GVBD的影响。结果发现,甲氧氯对GVBD的发生具有明显抑制作用,随着剂量的增加抑制作用增强,显示优化方法的可靠性。米非司酮作为孕酮受体拮抗剂,没有表现出抑制GVBD的效应,证明孕酮诱导爪蟾GVBD并非完全由孕酮受体(PR)介导。同时,来曲唑和咪鲜胺对孕酮诱导爪蟾GVBD没有影响,显示此两种物质在孕酮诱导GVBD过程中不具有内分泌干扰作用。     

环糊精在环境污染治理中的应用分析

环糊精独特的结构特征使其在环境污染治理领域表现出越来越广泛的应用前景。主要综述了环糊精促进水体中有机污染物去除的应用研究,对土壤中污染物的修复应用研究,以及在其他环境污染治理方面的应用。展望了环糊精及其衍生物在环境保护等领域的应用前景。     

Allelochemicals of the invasive neophyte Polygonum cuspidatum Sieb. & Zucc. (Polygonaceae)

Polygonum cuspidatum Sieb. and Zucc., a traditional Chinese medicine is now a wide-spread invasive neophyte in Europe and America. The novel weapon hypothesis states that some invasive weed species owe part of their success as invaders to allelopathy mediated by some allelochemicals. Previous HPLC/UV/ESI-MS analysis showed that the constituents of the roots of P. cuspidatum from China were obviously different from the species collected in Switzerland (present as an invasive neophyte) with respect to piceatannol glucoside, resveratroloside and some proanthocyanidin. This work isolated these special constituents from the invasive plant and studied their allelopathy effect, as well as the related structures by the seedling and growing model of Lepidium sativum (garden cress, Brassicaceae). The results revealed that stilbenes as piceatannol glucoside, resveratroloside and proanthocyanidins as catechin, epicatechin from this plant were comparatively stronger allelochemicals than the reported allelochemical (−)-catechin, which may partly explain the invasive behavior of this plant in Europe.     

Facilitating biodiversity conservation through partnerships to achieve transformative outcomes

Conservation biology is a mission-driven discipline that must navigate a new relationship between conservation and science. Because conservation is a social and political as well as an ecological project, conservation biologists must practice interdisciplinarity and collaboration. In a comparative study of 7 cases (Jaguars in the Chaco, Grevy's zebra in Kenya, Beekeeping in Tanzania, Andean cats in Argentina, Jaguars in Mexico, Lobster fishing, and Black bears in Mexico), we examined motivations for collaboration in conservation, who can collaborate in conservation, and how conservation professionals can work well together. In 5 case studies, successful conservation outcomes were prioritized over livelihood benefits. In the other 2 cases, livelihoods were prioritized. All case studies employed participatory approaches. There were multiple external actors, including local and Indigenous communities, nongovernmental organizations, agencies, regional and national governments, and international organizations, which enhanced conservation and wider sustainability outcomes. Key collaboration aspects considered across the case studies were time (mismatch between relationship building and project schedules), trust required for meaningful partnerships, tools employed, and transformative potential for people, nature, and the discipline of conservation biology. We developed guidelines for successful collaboration, including long-term commitment, knowledge integration, multiscalar and plural approaches, cultivation of trust, appropriate engagement, evaluation, supporting students, and efforts for transformation.     

微涡旋絮凝-逆流气浮-纳滤集成工艺去除水中腐殖酸的动态运行特征

通过微涡旋絮凝逆流气浮-纳滤集成工艺的动态试验研究,确定其运行周期为72 h,能很好地去除水中腐殖酸有机物,但不同纳滤膜组成的集成工艺处理效果不同.采用PACl絮凝剂处理水样2时,以流程1运行的含TQ56-36FC型纳滤膜的集成工艺出水的高锰酸盐指数为0.45 mg/L,UV254nm在0.003 3左右波动,且有95%以上的脱盐率.以流程2运行的含M-N1812A型纳滤膜的集成工艺处理3种水样时的膜清水的高锰酸盐指数在0.75 mg/L左右波动,UV254nm大都远小于0.007 5,有时甚至为0.水样1和水样3的UV254nm平均值为0.005 4,水样2的最低,平均值为0.003 3,脱盐率只有6%～10%.以PACl为絮凝剂时,集成系统有较强的适应原水水质变化的能力.预处理中活性炭柱的存在提高了M-N1812A型纳滤膜清水样的水质,但并没有延长膜的使用周期.这也表明膜的污染更重要的是来自无机物的污染.     

复合物流模式下的机械加工车间安全布局设计

机械加工车间的物流形式不唯一,一般是小推车、天车等多种物流形式的复合,本文以河南省某机械加工车间为例,运用系统布局设置(SLP)方法,并综合考虑复合物流与危险源,进行车间安全布局.首先按照类型将车间分成13个区域,之后应用单纯型法核算车间内的复杂物流量,然后基于曼哈顿距离实现系统布局设置(SLP),最后综合考虑车间内的...     

社会环境检测机构质量监管措施研讨

就目前的情况而言,我国在社会环境检测机构质量不容乐观。因此,我们应该根据实际情况,来设置相应的社会环境检测监管方案。我们可以通过严格规范社会环境检测机构市场准入门槛、创设专门的社会环境检测机构质量监管部门、创设社会环境检测机构网上投诉平台等方式,来提升监管力度,让社会环境检测机构正确发挥其应有的作用。     

土壤环境质量标准在工程应用中的局限性分析

为贯彻落实《中华人民共和国环境保护法》,加强建设用地土壤环境监管,管控污染地块对人体健康的风险,保障人居环境安全,生态环保部组织相关部门编制了土壤环境质量标准,并于2018年8月1日起开始实施。在标准实施的过程和应用过程中发现新发布的标准存在一些局限性。本文以土壤污染机理为基础,结合现行的治理技术,论述土壤质量标准在时间、空间及应用中的局限性。