国家水环境质量预报预警研究进展及业务发展思路

开展国家水环境质量预报预警工作是生态环境治理能力现代化的重要部分,是统筹山水林田湖草系统治理的重要抓手。文章介绍了国内外水质模型的研究进展,并概述了国内外水质预报预警系统研究进展,在此基础上分析目前我国水质预报预警方面存在的不足,并提出了国家水环境质量预报预警业务发展的初步思路。我国水质预报预警体系建设要以技术体系和业务体系为保障,以水质模型和面源污染模型为支撑,依托水环境质量预报预警决策支持平台,开展环境监管业务化应用、治理决策精细化支撑、污染事故科学化处置和数据产品社会化服务4种业务应用,逐步建成架构统一、业务协同、资源共享、上下游联动的全国-流域-省级-城市四级水环境质量预报预警网络。     

Political transition and emergent forest‐conservation issues in Myanmar

Political and economic transitions have had substantial impacts on forest conservation. Where transitions are underway or anticipated, historical precedent and methods for systematically assessing future trends should be used to anticipate likely threats to forest conservation and design appropriate and prescient policy measures to counteract them. Myanmar is transitioning from an authoritarian, centralized state with a highly regulated economy to a more decentralized and economically liberal democracy and is working to end a long‐running civil war. With these transitions in mind, we used a horizon‐scanning approach to assess the 40 emerging issues most affecting Myanmar's forests, including internal conflict, land‐tenure insecurity, large‐scale agricultural development, demise of state timber enterprises, shortfalls in government revenue and capacity, and opening of new deforestation frontiers with new roads, mines, and hydroelectric dams. Averting these threats will require, for example, overhauling governance models, building capacity, improving infrastructure‐ and energy‐project planning, and reforming land‐tenure and environmental‐protection laws. Although challenges to conservation in Myanmar are daunting, the political transition offers an opportunity for conservationists and researchers to help shape a future that enhances Myanmar's social, economic, and environmental potential while learning and applying lessons from other countries. Our approach and results are relevant to other countries undergoing similar transitions.     

核燃料元件生产线含铀废物源头控制实践

针对早期核燃料元件生产线自身所固有的不足,本文从工艺选择、厂房优化以及运行控制3个方面入手,就CJNF开展的一系列含铀废物源头控制实践进行介绍,旨在说明源头控制在废物最小化管理实践中的重要作用,为后期含铀废物源头控制方法持续应用和技术提升提供基础支撑。     

Potential risks of copper, zinc, and cadmium pollution due to pig manure application in a soil-rice system under intensive farming: a case study of Nanhu, China

Heavy metal (copper [Cu], zinc [Zn], and cadmium [Cd]) pollution of soils from pig manures in soil-rice ( L.) systems under intensive farming was investigated, taking Nanhu, China, as the case study area. Two hundred pig manures and 154 rice straws, brown rice samples, and corresponding surface soil (0-15 cm) samples were collected in paddy fields from 150 farms in 16 major villages within the study area. The mean Cu and Zn concentrations in pig manures consistently exceeded the related standard. About 44 and 60% of soil samples exceed the Chinese Soil Cu and Cd Environmental Quality Standards, respectively. The concentration of Cu, Zn, and Cd in brown rice did not exceed the Chinese Food Hygiene Standard. There was a significant positive correlation between total Cu and Zn contents in soil and application rate of pig manures. Strong correlation was observed between the extractable Cu, Zn, and Cd in soil and the Cu, Zn, and Cd contents in the brown rice. The spatial distribution maps of Cu and Zn concentrations in brown rice, straw, and extractable soil Cu and Zn concentration also showed similar geographical trends. Further analyses on heavy metals loading flux and accumulation rates from pig manure applied suggested that Cu and Cd contents in soil currently have already exceeded the maximum permissible limit, and Zn, if still at current manure application rates, will reach the ceiling concentration limits in 9 yr. This study assists in understanding the risk of heavy metals accumulating from pig manure applications to agricultural soils.     

融雪剂对大叶黄杨生长和生理特性的影响

为了研究融雪剂对道路绿化植物的影响,以大叶黄杨(Euonymus japonicus Thunb)为研究材料,研究了其在3种融雪剂(JLR-01、LBR-4、芦笛一号)不同施用量影响下的生长量和生理特性。结果表明:随着融雪剂LBR-4和芦笛一号的施用量的增大,大叶黄杨叶片的相对生长量和株高相对生长量、光合速率(Pn)、水分利用效率(WUE)、蒸腾速率(Tr)和气孔导度(Gs)随之减小,而低施用量的融雪剂JLR-01对大叶黄杨生长量、Pn、WUE和Tr有促进作用。随着融雪剂作用时间的延长,3种融雪剂的Pn和WUE也随之减小,Tr则是先减小后有所增大。当融雪剂施用量较小和胁迫时间较短时,Pn下降是因为气孔关闭;而当施用量较大和胁迫时间较长时,Pn下降是因为叶肉同化能力下降;3种融雪剂对大叶黄杨的胁迫程度由大到小的次序为:芦笛一号>LBR-4>JLR-01;大叶黄杨对3种融雪剂施用量的忍耐阈值在80 g.m-2左右,大叶黄杨对施用LBR-4和芦笛一号的耐受时间阈值大约为3周,对施用JLR-01的耐受时间阈值为3周以上。     

典型板架结构压缩试验不确定度评估方法研究

目的 针对当前船舶结构极限强度试验中试验场地、试验环境、试验方法、试验模型、试验设备等因素导致试验结果精度不高的问题,通过分析典型加筋板结构压缩试验过程中主要不确定度来源,提出降低试验不确定度的措施和方法。方法 基于不确定度分析理论,聚焦典型加筋板结构,开展压缩试验,围绕模型材料、模型加工、试验系统等不确定度来源开展分析,对其压缩极限载荷进行不确定度评估。结果 建立了一套适用于加筋板结构极限强度压缩试验的不确定度评估方法。典型加筋板结构极限压缩载荷、材料屈服强度引起的不确定度最大,其次是主面板及腹板厚度引起的不确定度,加强筋腹板高度与主面板尺寸对试验结果的不确定度有一定影响,加载伺服控制系统引起的不确定度可忽略不计。结论 材料屈服强度、板厚等因素均对极限载荷的不确定度有较大影响,在后续类似试验模型材料选择、模型加工等阶段应严格把控,确保材料、板厚等关键参数与设计值一致,提高试验结果可信度与精确度。     

海洋石油工程清洁生产及管理对策

海洋石油工程清洁生产着眼于污染预防,全面考虑开发生产周期过程对海洋环境的影响,最大限度地减少原料和能源消耗,提高能源利用率,使开发过程对海洋环境的影响降到最低。从水资源利用、钻屑泥浆处置、伴生气回收、新能源新试剂和新技术利用、污染物末端处理、作业者管理水平等6个方面介绍了海洋石油工程清洁生产措施,并提出了清洁生产管理对策,为今后的海洋石油工程清洁生产工作提供参考。     

气相色谱法同时测定空气和废气中的甲苯和均三甲苯

建立了用气相色谱法测定空气和废气中甲苯和均三甲苯的方法.甲苯和均三甲苯活性炭吸附,二硫化碳解吸,NNOWAX毛细管柱分离,直接进样分析,氢火焰离子化检测器检测,时间定性,其甲苯回收率为94.7％～105.1％、均三甲苯回收率为94.0％～104.3％.当采样体积为30 L,甲苯和均三甲苯最低检出质量浓度均为0.001 mg/m3.本方法前处理简便,分离度好干扰少,分析灵敏度高,有机试剂使用量少,满足环境分析要求.     

高岭土对淡水藻类的聚合氯化铝强化混凝去除技术研究

以温州市内桌一富营养化水体为研究对象,考察本地粘土矿物高岭土联合聚合氯化铝（PAC）混凝沉降工艺的除藻效能,并获得处理工艺的最佳条件,为恢复河流水体生态自净功能提供理论基础。试验结果表明,PAC最佳投加量为40mg／L;高岭土的最优投加方式为在混凝剂PAC前5rain投加;其最佳投加量为3g／L;最佳搅拌方式为200rpm搅拌4min;最佳静置时间为20min;在酸性或中性水体的处理效果尤佳。