南四湖表层沉积物重金属的赋存形态及底部界面扩散通量的估算

采用"SOFIE"模拟装置,研究了南四湖污染程度不同的两个湖区(南阳湖及独山湖区)表层沉积物中重金属元素的形态组成,间隙水及界面上覆水中重金属浓度的变化特征.结果表明,南阳湖区沉积物间隙水及界面上覆水中Cr,Cu,Ni,Zn和Pb的浓度均高于独山湖区,这与沉积物中重金属元素的有效结合态含量变化一致,主要与人为污染有关.南阳湖及独山湖区沉积物-水界面±0.5 cm范围内重金属元素具有较高的浓度梯度,间隙水中Fe与Mn浓度明显高于界面上覆水;Cu,Ni,Zn,Pb的浓度均低于界面上覆水;独山湖区沉积物间隙水中Cr浓度与界面上覆水相似,而南阳湖区沉积物间隙水中Cr浓度略高于界面上覆水.采用Fick第一定律,计算得到南阳湖及独山湖区沉积物-水界面附近Cu,Ni,Zn,Pb的扩散通量,分别为-0.23,-1.47,-2.57,-0.04 mmol.m-.2d-1和-0.34,-0.67,-0.48,-0.01 mmol.m-.2d-1,沉积物表现为重金属元素的"汇";而Cr的扩散通量分别为0.03 mmol.m-.2d-1和-0.02 mmol.m-.2d-1,说明污染较重的南阳湖区沉积物中Cr已表现出向上覆水体扩散的特征.     

Response of ecological storage and conservation to land use transformation: A case study of a mining town in China

Rapid land use transformation shaped by agriculture, industrialization and population urbanization has a great influence on ecological environment. Based on theory of ecosystem service functions, this study aims at revealing the response of ecological storage and conservation to each unit area of land use transformation. Taking Cishan Town, a mining town in China, as a case study, this paper estimates the “past-present-future” ecological storage impacted by the process, result and possibility of land use transformation. The local land use and industrial distribution show that the active areas of land use transformation are also the areas of concentration of human (industrial) activities. Ecological storage shows the different responses to land use ways. And then this study combines the ecological storage indices with the indices of ecosystem pattern and land condition into the“5A” framework (active state, active degree, active possibility, active balance and active condition) for grading ecological conservation, and then assigns all regions of Cishan Town into different grades through membership functions for complex mapping of ecological conservation. The research results show that the ecological conservation in Cishan goes toward two extreme grades (best grade and worst grade). Uneven and unbalanced land use transformation is the main cause of that. Hence, rational and timely reflection of impact of land use transformation on ecological storage and conservation can assist land use planners and local government in adjusting land use ways and balancing regional ecology and economy.     

表面活性剂对小花南芥（Arabis alpina L.var.parviflora Franch）累积铅锌的促进作用

研究了十六烷基三甲基溴化铵（CTAB）、鼠李糖脂（rhamnolipids）和皂角苷（saponins）等不同离子类型的表面活性剂对矿渣中重金属Pb和Zn的解吸效果,并采用盆栽实验研究了上述3种表面活性剂对Pb和Zn超富集植物小花南芥（Arabis alpina L.var.parviflora Franch）的生物量、吸收和富集重金属的影响。结果表明：3种表面活性剂对Pb的解吸效率是鼠李糖脂〉皂角苷〉CTAB,对Zn的解吸效率随处理质量浓度增加而增加,解吸率介于2.84%～10.84%之间;3种表面活性剂都能促进小花南芥叶长、根长、冠幅、地上部生物量及地下部生物量增加,与对照相比增加了1.06～1.92倍,除了表面活性剂CTAB处理质量浓度为7.5g.L^-1时,小花南芥叶长、冠幅、根长及地下部和地上部生物量都下降,分别为对照的0.61～0.88倍。添加三种表面活性剂都能显著促进小花南芥地下部和地上部累积Pb和Zn,并且位移系数和富集系数都大于1。这说明3种表面活性剂对小花南芥修复重金属铅和锌污染的土壤有促进作用。     

区域管制在实现国家资源安全过程中的作用研究

本文分析了国家资源安全的特点 ,提出区域管制是实现国家资源安全的重要手段。认为建立资源市场 ,对自然资源进行资产化管理 ,制定资源开发利用技术标准 ,实行资源开发许可审批制度 ,采取激励政策 ,建立安全押金制度是实现国家资源安全的重要途径     

A technical and economic comparison of biofiltration and wet chemical oxidation (scrubbing) for odor control at wastewater treatment plants

An economic and technical comparison of two odor control systems, a biofilter and a chemical wet scrubber, was conducted over a 1-year time period at a large municipal wastewater treatment plant. The biofilter system was designed to remove hydrogen sulfide gas and other oxidizable sewage odors from four covered gravity sludge thickeners, a gravity sludge thickener effluent channel and an influent splitter box for the gravity sludge thickeners. The sodium hypochlorite/sodium hydroxide wet scrubber was designed to control hydrogen sulfide gas and other oxidizable sewage odors from the covered primary settling tanks, influent distribution channels and effluent channel, and the mixing tank effluent channel. The technical comparison comprised their overall removal rates and efficiencies based on inlet H₂S concentrations and other operating variables. The economic comparison was designed to provide the cost per cubic meter of H₂S removed for each system. Influent and effluent gas samples were collected on a weekly basis. H₂S concentration levels were determined through the use of gas chromatography with a flame photometric detector. The results showed that the H₂S inlet gas concentration has a seasonal change with a maximum value occurring in August and September. The effluent H₂S concentration was lower than 2 ppm_v for both systems for most of the samples. The efficiency for both the biofilter and wet scrubber was above 95%, and was related to the operating and ambient conditions. The economic comparison revealed that the actual unit cost for the biofilter was higher than for the wet scrubber (U.S.160 /m < SUP > 3 < /SUP > H < SUB > 2 < /SUB > S removed versus U.S.160 /m³ H₂S removed versus U.S.131 /m³ H₂S removed). For both the biofilter and the wet scrubber, the investment costs are affected by the size/scale of the system, the design flow and other factors. For these systems, the mulch change costs, chemical usage costs, maintenance costs and power usage costs were mainly dependent on the actual odor gas loadings which showed substantial seasonal fluctuations as a function of the seasonal temperature. The worst case conditions reported here indicate that the H₂S concentrations generated during the summer months should be used to determine the design load.     

火灾报警系统可靠性数字仿真软件研究

介绍了火灾报警系统可靠性数字仿真原理和软件设计方法，并举出了运行实例，证明数字仿真技术在火灾报警系统可靠性分析方面具有良好的应用前景。     

重庆市黑碳气溶胶特征及影响因素初探

为了解影响重庆市黑碳气溶胶(Black Carbon,BC)污染的主要气象因素及BC的主要来源,对2012年重庆市BC与主要气象因素及燃煤、机动车产生的SO2、NO x进行了相关性分析,并分析了24 h内BC浓度变化与车流量的关系.结果显示,2012年,重庆市BC年日均浓度为(5.9±2.7)μg·m-3,占PM2.5年日均浓度的7.2%,BC小时浓度较大值出现在6:00—10:00及20:00—23:00.气温和相对湿度对BC浓度的影响不大.影响BC浓度的主要气象因素为风速,风速为0.5~1.5 m·s-1时,BC浓度随着风速增大而减小;当风速超过2 m·s-1时,BC浓度随风速增大而增加.BC与SO2、NO x的相关系数分别为0.374和0.542(p0.01),表明重庆市BC与SO2、NO x来源相同,即燃煤和机动车尾气排放,且受机动车排放的影响更大.BC浓度24 h变化与车流量的关系表明,BC浓度日变化除了受到气象条件的影响外,还受机动车尤其是柴油重型车的影响,因此,需重点控制柴油机动车以控制重庆市区BC污染.     

Effect of traffic restriction on atmospheric particle concentrations and their size distributions in urban Lanzhou, Northwestern China

During the 2012 Lanzhou International Marathon, the local government made a significant effort to improve traffic conditions and air quality by implementing traffic restriction measures. To evaluate the direct effect of these measures on urban air quality, especially particle concentrations and their size distributions, atmospheric particle size distributions(0.5–20 μm) obtained using an aerodynamic particle sizer(model 3321, TSI, USA) in June 2012 were analyzed. It was found that the particle number, surface area and volume concentrations for size range 0.5–10 μm were(15.0±2.1) cm-3,(11.8±2.6) μm2/cm3and(1.9±0.6) μm2/cm3, respectively, on the traffic-restricted day(Sunday), which is 63.2%, 53.0% and 47.2% lower than those on a normal Sunday. For number and surface area concentrations, the most affected size range was 0.5–0.7 and 0.5–0.8 μm, respectively, while for volume concentration, the most affected size ranges were 0.5–0.8, 1.7–2.0 and 5.0–5.4 μm. Number and volume concentrations of particles in size range 0.5–1.0 μm correlated well with the number of non-CNG(Compressed Natural Gas) powered vehicles, while their correlation with the number of CNG-powered vehicles was very low, suggesting that reasonable urban traffic controls along with vehicle technology improvements could play an important role in improving urban air quality.     

南京上空大气边界层的激光雷达观测研究

为了研究南京地区大气边界层结构的变化特征,利用2010年11月到2011年10月期间米散射激光雷达对南京上空大气散射特性的连续观测资料,通过小波协方差法得到了该地区的大气边界层高度,分析了其日变化和季节变化特性以及夹卷层的日变化特性,并讨论了引起这些变化的原因,得到以下主要结论:南京上空边界层具有典型的日变化特征以及季节变化特征,夜晚低(小于0.5 km),白天高(大于1 km);最大混合层高度春季高(1.77 km),冬季低(1.34 km);边界层的日变化以及最大混合层高度与地表温度存在明显的正相关,与地表的相对湿度存在负相关;云层可以有效的降低最大混合层高度并且使最大混合层高度出现的时间提前。     

平顶山市生态服务功能重要性评价研究

文章根据平顶山市自然环境条件,按照生态服务功能重要性评价的方法,建立了平顶山市生态敏感性评价指标体系,选取生物多样性维持与保护、洪水调蓄、水源涵养和生态系统产品提供等因子对平顶山市生态系统服务功能重要性进行了综合评价,依据评价结果将平顶山市划分为西部山地森林生态区、北部丘陵生态功能区、中部平原农田城镇生态区和南部丘陵森林城镇生态区等四个生态服务功能区。