Resolving the interactions between population density and air pollution emissions controls in the San Joaquin Valley, USA

The effectiveness of emissions control programs designed to reduce concentrations of airborne particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter < 2.5 microm (PM2.5) in California's San Joaquin Valley was studied in the year 2030 under three growth scenarios: low, medium, and high population density. Base-case inventories for each choice of population density were created using a coupled emissions modeling system that simultaneously considered interactions between land use and transportation, area source, and point source emissions. The ambient PM2.5 response to each combination of population density and emissions control was evaluated using a regional chemical transport model over a 3-week winter stagnation episode. Comparisons between scenarios were based on regional average and population-weighted PM2.5 concentrations. In the absence of any emissions control program, population-weighted concentrations of PM2.5 in the future San Joaquin Valley are lowest undergrowth scenarios that emphasize low population density. A complete ban on wood burning and a 90% reduction in emissions from food cooking operations and diesel engines must occur before medium- to high-density growth scenarios result in lower population-weighted concentrations of PM2.5. These trends partly reflect the fact that existing downtown urban cores that naturally act as anchor points for new high-density growth in the San Joaquin Valley are located close to major transportation corridors for goods movement. Adding growth buffers around transportation corridors had little impact in the current analysis, since the 8-km resolution of the chemical transport model already provided an artificial buffer around major emissions sources. Assuming that future emissions controls will greatly reduce or eliminate emissions from residential wood burning, food cooking, and diesel engines, the 2030 growth scenario using "as-planned" (medium) population density achieves the lowest population-weighted average PM2.5 concentration in the future San Joaquin Valley during a severe winter stagnation event. Implications: The San Joaquin Valley is one of the most heavily polluted air basins in the United States that are projected to experience strong population growth in the coming decades. The best plan to improve air quality in the region combines medium- or high-density population growth with rigorous emissions controls. In the absences of controls, high-density growth leads to increased population exposure to PM2.5 compared with low-density growth scenarios (urban sprawl).     

落实各项消防措施 提高奥运安全保障能力

第29届奥运会将于2008年8月8日在有着三千余年建城史的北京召开,这是全国乃至全世界爱好奥林匹克运动人们的共同愿望。举办一届“有特色、高水平”的奥运会对于中国向世界展示改革开放新形象,对于振奋民族精神具有十分重要的历史和现实意义。     

近50年来湖南省旱洪灾害及其时空分布

利用 194 9年以来湖南省 9个代表站的降水资料 ,提出了湖南省旱洪灾害的等级标准 ,分析了湖南省旱洪灾害及其时空分布和旱洪重灾区的形成原因     

改进的灰色关联分析在滑坡危险性评价中的应用——以广东省滑坡危险性评价为例

利用改进的灰色关联分析方法,采用“中心化”无量纲的处理方法,对广东滑坡灾害危险性的影响因素进行灰色关联度分析。通过地形地貌条件、地层岩性特征、地质构造特征、岩土体结构特性、水文地质条件、植被覆盖率、降雨分布、地震、人类经济工程活动等9个评价因素与滑坡危险性的关联度计算,得出各影响因素与滑坡危险性评价的关系,具有一定的客观性、科学性和合理性。     

重庆主城区次级河流表层沉积物重金属污染特征及风险评价

山地城市次级河流因季节性降雨容易导致沉积物中污染物形成"二次污染",沉积物可能具有重金属潜在生态风险.本文采集了重庆市主城区19条次级河流表层沉积物,分析了7种重金属元素(V、Cr、Ni、Cu、Zn、Cd和Pb)的污染水平,解析了重金属污染来源,并从流域层面评价次级河流表层沉积物重金属的潜在生态风险.结果表明,与背景值(中国土壤元素背景值)相比,除V外,其它6种重金属元素超标1.1~6.7倍.富集系数分析和主成分分析显示,沉积物中重金属V、Ni和Pb均未发生富集(富集系数小于1.5),且主要来源于自然源.Cd、Zn、Cu和Cr平均富集系数分别为6.63、2.31、1.90和1.40,均存在不同程度的富集;Cr、Zn和Cu主要来源于工业废水的排放.主城区次级河流表层沉积物重金属潜在生态风险指数RI值范围为77~382,均值为228,总体属于中等生态风险等级.空间分布上,重庆主城区西北部汇入嘉陵江的次级河流表层沉积物重金属表现出较高的生态风险,东南部汇入长江的次级河流表层沉积物表现为相对较低的风险.     

污泥灰对模拟染料废水的吸附研究

以南京市江心洲污水处理厂污泥为原料热解制得污泥灰,并将其用于吸附直接耐酸大红4BS和活性艳红K-2BP模拟染料废水.考察了吸附剂投加量、吸附时间、温度和pH值对吸附效果的影响,并对其吸附动力学特征进行了探讨.结果表明,反应温度、吸附时间和吸附剂投加量对吸附效果有影响,而废水pH变化则不会引起脱色率的较大改变.室温下,4BS和K-2BP的最佳污泥投加量分别为3g·L-1、10g·L-1.4BS在最佳反应条件（反应时间为25min,反应温度为40℃）下,脱色率可达93%;K-2BP在最佳反应条件（反应时间为150min,反应温度为40℃）下,脱色率约为73%.     

运河水中悬浮物和底泥上有机污染物的探查

利用ＧＣ／ＭＳ／ＤＳ系统和保留指数,对运河（常州段）悬浮物和底泥上的有机污染物进行了概要分析。结果显示,该段河流的悬浮物和底泥上含有直链烷烃、多环芳烃、直链醛酮、烷基磺酸、苯酯类、邻苯二甲酸酯类、硝基联苯、二苯砜、醇类、羧酸类等有机污染物和致癌物。河流悬浮物和底泥上所鉴定出的有机污染物数量相当,浓度范围基本一致。同一段面底泥上的浓度稍高于悬浮物上的浓度;枯水期悬浮物上的浓度稍高于丰水期悬浮物上浓度     

攀西地区野生番石榴资源的开发利用

根据对四川省攀西地区野生番石榴资源的调查研究,本文论述了野生番石榴的生物学特征和分布、食用和药用价值、产量和经济效益等,并提出了开发利用和保护野生番石榴资源的建议     

城市生活垃圾卧式气流分选特性研究

利用处理能力100 kg/h的卧式气流分选机开展生活垃圾中塑料分选实验。实验结果表明:进风角度为10°、15°时,分别对应存在>8.5 m/s、7.7～9.3 m/s的风速范围,使塑料的纯度和分选效率达到80%以上;利用Fluent软件模拟,结果表明:进风角度>15°时,分选机内气流复杂,塑料纯度和分选效率的波动性大,仅存在较窄的风速范围可使总纯度和分选效率同时达到80%以上。     

沈阳市大气PM2.5中水溶性离子的季节变化特征

为研究沈阳市大气中PM2.5及其水溶性离子的污染特征、季节差异和来源情况,使用URG-9000D在线监测系统对沈阳市2019年大气颗粒物进行连续的采样分析,并利用正交矩阵因子分析法(PMF)进行污染物的来源解析.结果 表明,2019年沈阳市秋冬季节PM2.5质量浓度变化受相对湿度影响较大,冬季PM2.5平均质量浓度达到85.76 μg·m-3,细粒子污染较为严重.沈阳市大气PM2.5中SNA(SO42-、NO3和NH4+)所占比重表现为春季最高秋季最低;夏季SO42-和NH4+浓度较高,而NO3-浓度较低.SO42-在夏季呈单峰型日变化,与NO3-变化趋势相反.春夏秋三季NH4+与SO42-、NO3-主要结合为(NH4)2SO4和NH4NO3,冬季NH4+主要以(NH4)2SO4和NH4HSO4的形式存在.沈阳市存在较强的SO2和NOx二次转化现象,且各季节中SO2的转化率均高于NO2.PMF源解析结果表明,二次源对沈阳市大气污染贡献最大,夏秋季生物质燃烧和冬季燃煤源贡献同样不可忽视.