中国加入世贸组织对环境保护的影响

随着中国加入世界贸易组织(下称WTO)日益临近,入世对于我国经济和环境的影响越来越成为人们关注的焦点.本文拟对此作些探讨.     

火灾事故调查改革与发展

随着经济建设迅猛发展和社会现代化程度不断提高,"现代火灾"不断增多,危害日益严重.根据国务院<消防改革与发展纲要>精神,改革火灾事故调查体系,对于消防建设和促进社会经济发展的大局来说尤为重要,势在必行.     

Observation-based sources evolution of non-methane hydrocarbons (NMHCs) in a megacity of China

Both concentrations and emissions of many air pollutants have been decreasing due to implement of control measures in China, in contrast to the fact that an increase in emissions of non-methane hydrocarbons (NMHCs) has been reported. This study employed seven years continuous NMHCs measurements and the related activities data of Shanghai, a megacity in China, to explore evolution of emissions and effectiveness of air pollution control measures. The mixing ratio of NMHCs showed no statistical interannual changes, of which their compositions exhibited marked changes. This resulted in a decreasing trend of ozone formation potential by 3.8%/year (p < 0.05, the same below), which should be beneficial to ozone pollution mitigation as its production in Shanghai is in the NMHCs-limited regime. Observed alkanes, aromatics and acetylene changed by +3.7%/year, -5.9%/year and -7.4%/year, respectively, and alkenes showed no apparent trend. NMHCs sources were apportioned by a positive matrix factorization model. Accordingly, vehicular emissions (-5.9%/year) and petrochemical industry emissions (-7.1%/year) decreased significantly, but the decrease slowed down; significant reduction in solvent usage (-9.0%/year) appeared after 2010; however, emissions of natural gas (+12.6%/year) and fuel evaporation (with an increasing fraction) became more important. The inconsistency between observations and inventories was found in interannual trend and speciation as well as source contributions, emphasizing the need for further validation in NMHCs emission inventory. Our study confirms the effectiveness of measures targeting mobile and centralized emissions from industrial sources and reveals a need focusing on fugitive emissions, which provided new insights into future air policies in polluted region.     

城市生活垃圾滚筒筛分选特性研究

滚筒筛筛分是生活垃圾分选中常用的工艺,国内目前有关滚筒筛分选生活垃圾的研究尚不多见.因此,本实验通过自行设计的一台处理能力为150kg.h-1的滚筒筛,采用实际生活垃圾进行分选实验,确定最佳运行参数范围.结果表明,当滚筒筛孔径为120mm时,在V实测/V极限（V实测为滚筒转动时实时测定转速,V极限为物料与滚筒一起转动时...     

流化床煤部分气化、热解脱硫过程试验研究

在一小型流化床试验台上进行煤部分气化、热解脱硫过程的试验研究.该试验系统由启动燃烧室、流化床本体、灰循环子系统、加料子系统、排渣子系统、蒸汽发生子系统以及测量控制子系统等组成.流化床本体直径为0.1m,高为4.22m,采用烟气夹套加热的方法维持床体温度.试验结果如下:当风煤质量比从2.5增加到5.0时,脱硫效率先增加后降低;当汽煤比从0.45增加到0.63时,脱硫效率也是先增加后降低;钙硫比增加,脱硫效率增加;床温升高,脱硫效率增加.与此同时,还研究了石灰石种类对脱硫效率的影响,以及气化、热解效率与脱硫效率间的相互关系.     

露天采矿飏尘扩散防治用风障的模拟分析

基于某露天矿坑飏尘防治用风障工程,建立数学物理模型进行数值模拟探究风障（含人工风障和防护林带）对大型露天矿坑飏尘的防护效果。运用计算流体动力学软件Fluent并选取高雷诺数下k-ε模型用SIMPLE算法进行计算,得到风障周围的流场及压力场的分布,从而分析人工风障和防护林带后沿流水平距离变化时不同高度间相对风速的变化,得出位于人工风障后位置越低,防护效果越强,当y=0.2 h时,约为初始风速的50%,且当气流深入林带后其防护效果增强,在进入后水平距离4 h’时,相对风速约为初始风速的30%。     

计算机技术在矿山应急救援中的应用研究

本文将计算机技术与矿山应急救援相结合,为矿山应急救援提供了一种新的途径,也为人工智能在新的领域内的应用进行新的尝试。     

Characterization of Waste Printed Circuit Boards Nonmetals and its Reutilization as Reinforcing Filler in Unsaturated Polyester Resin

Waste printed circuit boards (WPCB) nonmetals were firstly recycled as reinforcing filler in a kind of novel room temperature cured unsaturated polyester (UPE) composites. The compositions and characteristics of WPCB nonmetals were detailly analyzed by SEM, FTIR, TGA and Py-GCMS, and the effects of the content of WPCB nonmetals on the mechanical performance and thermal behaviors of UPE composites were also systematically studied. Results suggested that UPE composites incorporated with WPCB nonmetals at appropriate content showed superior tensile strength, flexural strength and heat distortion temperature than UPE matrix. Based on the analysis of thermal degradation kinetic, the thermal stability of UPE composites were significantly enhanced by the incorporation of WPCB nonmetals. The highlight of this work lies in the fact that high-valued utilization of WPCB nonmetals is realized in room temperature cured UPE matrix, which may not only achieve favorable economic and social benefits, but also open up new opportunities for the preparation of high performance plastic composites.     

可见光催化剂BiVO_4 降解废水中直接耐酸大红4BS

以直接耐酸大红4BS模拟染料废水为目标污染物,研究了BiVO_4对直接耐酸大红4BS(简称4BS)的吸附效果以及废水初始质量浓度、废水pH和BiVO_4的加入量对光催化降解效果的影响.实验结果表明:当废水初始质量浓度为40 mg/L、废水pH为6.38、BiVO_4加入量为1.0 g/L时,4BS的降解率可达98.9%;BiVO_4重复使用5次后4BS的降解率可达80.0%以上;COD的变化趋势说明4BS被催化剂吸附和光催化降解的过程是循序渐进的.     

厦门西港及闽江口表层沉积物中多环芳烃和有机氯污染物的含量及分布

参考美国EPA标准方法对厦门西港和闽江口的表层沉积物样品中持续性有机污染物PAHs、PCBs和DDTs的含量及分布进行分析和考察，并对若干污染特征及成因进行探讨,结果表明，厦门西港沉积物样品中总PAHs含量（ng/g（干重））较闽江口海域为高，其中厦门样品测值范围是425.3-1522.4，大多高于1000，推断主要来源于石油类污染；闽江口为316.8-1260.7，大多低于1000，化石燃料燃烧可能是其主要来源。PCBs和DDT的分析结果表明，PCBs并非两海域的主要污染物，其含量（ng/g（干重））测值范围是厦门西港9.72-33.72 ,闽江口8.71-30.55；DDT类含量测值（ng/g（干重））厦门西港高于闽江口，范围分别为8.61-73.70和6.17-30.70(河口高值站位为63.88，空间分布呈0近岩高于远岸趋势，同时表明，在厦门海域表层沉积物中DDD是主要降解产物，而在闽江口DDE为主要降解产物。