Microbial responses to the use of NaClO in sediment treatment

• Chlorine addition enhanced the release of TOC, TN from the sediment. • Chlorine has a long-term negative effect on microbial richness. • Usually enzymes lose activity, and expression of genes was downregulated. • Carbon degradation and nitrification might be strongly inhibited. Chlorine is often used in algal removal and deodorization of landscape waters, and occasionally used as an emergency treatment of heavily polluted sediments. However, the ecological impact of this practice has not been fully studied and recognized. In this study, NaClO at 0.1 mmol/g based on dry weight sediment was evenly mixed into the polluted sediment, and then the sediment was incubated for 150 days to evaluate its microbial effect. Results showed that NaClO addition enhanced the release of TOC, TN, Cr and Cu from the sediment. The microbial richness in the examined sediment decreased continuously, and the Chao1 index declined from 4241 to 2731, in 150 days. The microbial community composition was also changed. The abundance of Proteobacteria and Bacteroidetes increased to 54.8% and 4.2% within 7 days compared to the control, and linear discriminant analysis (LDA) showed gram-negative bacteria and aerobic bacteria enriched after chlorination. The functional prediction with PICRUSt2 showed the functions of the microbial community underwent major adjustments, and the metabolic-related functions such as carbon metabolism, including pyruvate and methane metabolisms were significantly inhibited; besides, 15 out of 22 analyzed key enzymes involved in C cycling and 6 out of 12 key enzymes or genes involved in N cycling were strongly impacted, and the enzymes and genes involved in carbon degradation and denitrification showed remarkable downregulation. It can be concluded that chlorination posed a seriously adverse effect on microbial community structure and function. This study deepens the understanding of the ecological effects of applying chlorine for environmental remediation.     

高锰酸盐复合剂强化饮用水除污染生产性研究

采用依时间序列进行对比的方法,考察了高锰酸盐复合剂(PPC)对饮用水源的强化除污染效能。生产性实验结果表明,PPC具有优良的强化混凝和强化过滤效能,能显著降低水厂沉后水和滤后水的浊度、COD_Mn、UV₂₅₄等水质指标。与未投加时相比较,水厂投加PPC后沉后水和滤后水浊度分别降低了25%和33.3%,沉后水和滤后水COD_Mn去除率分别提高了15.3%和11.5%,UV₂₅₄去除率分别提高了16.3%和9.5%。同时,GC/MS分析表明PPC能有效去除水源水中的多种微量有机污染物,显著提高饮用水的化学安全性。PPC通过高锰酸钾的氧化作用,水合二氧化锰的吸附作用,以及各组分间的协同强化作用,显著提高了对水中污染物质的去除效率。     

Modeling porosity reductions caused by mineral fouling in continuous-wall permeable reactive barriers

A study was conducted to assess key factors to include when modeling porosity reductions caused by mineral fouling in permeable reactive barriers (PRBs) containing granular zero valent iron. The public domain codes MODFLOW and RT3D were used and a geochemical algorithm was developed for RT3D to simulate geochemical reactions occurring in PRBs. Results of simulations conducted with the model show that the largest porosity reductions occur between the entrance and mid-plane of the PRB as a result of precipitation of carbonate minerals and that smaller porosity reductions occur between the mid-plane and exit face due to precipitation of ferrous hydroxide. These findings are consistent with field and laboratory observations, as well as modeling predictions made by others. Parametric studies were conducted to identify the most important variables to include in a model evaluating porosity reduction. These studies showed that three minerals (CaCO3, FeCO3, and Fe(OH)2 (am)) account for more than 99% of the porosity reductions that were predicted. The porosity reduction is sensitive to influent concentrations of HCO3-, Ca2+, CO3(2-), and dissolved oxygen, the anaerobic iron corrosion rate, and the rates of CaCO3 and FeCO3 formation. The predictions also show that porosity reductions in PRBs can be spatially variable and mineral forming ions penetrate deeper into the PRB as a result of flow heterogeneities, which reflects the balance between the rate of mass transport and geochemical reaction rates. Level of aquifer heterogeneity and the contrast in hydraulic conductivity between the aquifer and PRB are the most important hydraulic variables affecting porosity reduction. Spatial continuity of aquifer hydraulic conductivity is less significant.     

活性炭纤维上4-氯酚及焦化废水尾水的O3催化氧化降解实验研究

选择YT-1000型活性炭纤维（ACF）作为催化剂,考察ACF与O₃协同作用催化降解水溶液中4-氯酚的最佳反应条件,并将该条件应用于焦化废水生物处理尾水中难降解有机污染物的催化氧化。ACF表面具有丰富的微孔结构,对4-氯酚有良好的吸附作用,在动力学上提高了其与O3反应的起始浓度,并且在ACF表面含氧、含氮等基团的催化作用下发生氧化反应,1 L浓度为100 mg/L的4-氯酚水样中投加2 g ACF反应6 min时,吸附作用对TOC的去除率为43.4%,而ACF协同O₃作用时的TOC去除率提高到72.5%,协同增效作用为67.1%;在选定的反应条件下,ACF协同O₃降解焦化废水生物处理尾水,60 min时的TOC与色度的去除率分别达到56.8%和96.3%。上述研究过程证明了吸附作用与催化作用的协同能有效降解生物过程不能降解的焦化废水中惰性有机污染物。     

生活垃圾填埋场封场后种植植物中重金属迁移研究

在上海老港生活垃圾填埋场填埋单元封场的覆盖土中掺混了矿化垃圾种植植物,分析Cd、Pb、Cu、Zn 4种重金属在土壤和植物中的迁移变化,研究表明:(1)覆盖土土质从一般耕作土变成肥沃土壤;覆盖土和种植混合土重金属Cd、Pb、Cu、Zn中Cd、Pb含量相近,但种植土的Cu含量略大于覆盖原土,Zn含量远大于覆盖原土;(2)植物能富集土壤和垃圾中的重金属,木本植物的根部富集重金属的能力强于草本植物,但重金属在草本植物根、茎、叶中的迁移速度大于木本植物;(3)植物根、茎、叶的Cu、Zn含量均远大于未受污染土壤种植植物相应部位的Cu、Zn含量,种植的植物不能供家养动物食用,以免通过食物链作用危及人体安全.     

亲水性多孔载体在流化床中的生物膜形成过程分析

采用实验制备的一种新型亲水性多孔聚合物作为流化床反应器中生物膜附着生长的载体,实现流态化水力条件下的生物挂膜过程.在3个结构尺寸相同的流化床反应器中考察了接种污泥浓度、进水有机负荷及载体粒径对亲水性多孔载体生物挂膜量的影响,试验结果表明,接种污泥浓度为30 g VSS/L、进水TOC值为350 mg/L、载体粒径为5～8 mm时载体表面的附着生物量最大,反应器运行12 d的载体附着生物量达到4.45 g VSS/L,膜结构稳定,表现出较活性污泥法更高的活性.在进水TOC、氨氮浓度分别为350 ms/L、50 mg/L,HRT为6 h的情况下,两者的去除率分别达到了97.1%和64.3%,表明载体上的生物膜对污水中TOC及氨氮的去除表现出高效率.挂膜后载体表面上的微生物以丝状菌为主,孔壁上的微生物以球菌和杆菌为主要生物相,证明载体内外表面皆适宜微生物的生长,并且形成合理的生物相分布.     

气液相组合生物法净化低浓度甲醛废气研究

对生物膜填料塔 液相生物处理的组合系统净化低浓度甲醛废气进行实验研究,结果表明,组合系统对甲醛废气的净化效果明显优于单独生物膜填料塔净化系统,甲醛净化效率提高35%以上,甲醛生化去除量增大50%以上.动力学研究结果表明,甲醛在生物膜上的生化降解反应为慢速生化反应,需要采取强化甲醛液相生化降解反应、提高反应速率的措施,来提高废气中甲醛的生物净化效果.     

玉米芯掺杂对污泥基活性炭性能的影响

针对以城市污水厂剩余污泥为原料制备的污泥基活性炭微孔性差、比表面积低的缺陷,将一定比例玉米芯掺杂到污泥中以期改善活性炭性质。通过对活性炭的比表面积、孔结构、碘值、表面官能团测定以及表面电镜分析,探讨了不同比例玉米芯掺杂对活性炭物理化学性质的影响,并以苯酚和硝基苯为目标物,对比考察所制活性炭对有机物的吸附性能。实验结果表明,随着玉米芯掺杂比例的提高,活性炭微孔体积及比表面积明显增大,但活性炭表面官能团种类及数量变化不明显。所制活性炭表面都以酸性基团为主。结果显示苯酚和硝基苯吸附值与活性炭表面酸性基团含量关系密切,因此,玉米芯的掺杂对苯酚和硝基苯的吸附没有明显的促进作用。     

化学溶胀法分离废弃线路板中金属与基板

废弃线路板的粉碎和所含金属组分的高效解离是后续分选回收的前提条件。本研究分别使用乙二胺等10种溶剂浸泡废弃线路板,比较对线路板中铜箔与基板间剥离强度的影响,从而筛选出4种有代表性的溶剂,即溶剂D、溶剂F、丙酮和水, 比较废弃线路板经化学溶胀后的单体解离度和获得一定粒径分布的颗粒所需的破碎时间。研究结果表明,化学溶胀后破碎能大幅提高金属的单体解离度,浸泡效果的优良排序为：溶剂D>溶剂F>丙酮>水;浸泡时间越长,浸泡温度越高,对剥离强度的降低越有利;使用溶剂D在150℃、3 h或140℃、5 h的工艺下浸泡废弃线路板,可以使铜箔与基板自动脱落。研究结果为后续的分选提供了便利的条件。     

数据挖掘平台在珊瑚礁生态系统保护中的初步构建研究

近年来,由于疾病、污染、海洋温度上升以及人类的过度利用,珊瑚礁正面临着致命的毁灭.为了保护珊瑚礁生态系统,迫切需要收集和分析数据,找出影响珊瑚礁生存的主要因素.数据挖掘技术可用于复杂系统的行为建模和预测,将数据挖掘算法与珊瑚礁生态系统数据相结合,构建生态数据挖掘平台,为预测珊瑚礁的生长趋势提供决策支持.针对海洋数据多源性、多态性和多样性的特点,提出改进的数据挖掘平台,并详细论述了数据源层、ETL工具层和数据仓库的结构和功能.