全文获取类型
收费全文 | 11573篇 |
免费 | 125篇 |
国内免费 | 789篇 |
专业分类
安全科学 | 111篇 |
废物处理 | 912篇 |
环保管理 | 1335篇 |
综合类 | 2136篇 |
基础理论 | 3407篇 |
环境理论 | 2篇 |
污染及防治 | 2392篇 |
评价与监测 | 1104篇 |
社会与环境 | 962篇 |
灾害及防治 | 126篇 |
出版年
2024年 | 1篇 |
2023年 | 38篇 |
2022年 | 125篇 |
2021年 | 121篇 |
2020年 | 81篇 |
2019年 | 70篇 |
2018年 | 1534篇 |
2017年 | 1446篇 |
2016年 | 1281篇 |
2015年 | 244篇 |
2014年 | 159篇 |
2013年 | 181篇 |
2012年 | 610篇 |
2011年 | 1533篇 |
2010年 | 833篇 |
2009年 | 719篇 |
2008年 | 1010篇 |
2007年 | 1314篇 |
2006年 | 107篇 |
2005年 | 80篇 |
2004年 | 102篇 |
2003年 | 119篇 |
2002年 | 159篇 |
2001年 | 64篇 |
2000年 | 70篇 |
1999年 | 61篇 |
1998年 | 80篇 |
1997年 | 69篇 |
1996年 | 51篇 |
1995年 | 47篇 |
1994年 | 30篇 |
1993年 | 39篇 |
1992年 | 21篇 |
1991年 | 14篇 |
1990年 | 10篇 |
1989年 | 5篇 |
1988年 | 8篇 |
1987年 | 10篇 |
1986年 | 4篇 |
1985年 | 4篇 |
1984年 | 15篇 |
1983年 | 9篇 |
1982年 | 1篇 |
1981年 | 5篇 |
1935年 | 2篇 |
1930年 | 1篇 |
排序方式: 共有10000条查询结果,搜索用时 31 毫秒
981.
982.
以典型河谷型大城市兰州市为例,在RS和GIS技术支持下,剖析了1997-2009年该市各县区土地利用及其变化情况。在此基础上,参考Costanza等生态系统服务价值计算方法和中国陆地生态系统单位面积服务价值表,分析r近12年来研究区土地利用变化对生态系统服务价值的影响及其变化情况。结果表明:1997-2009年兰州市林地增长面积最大,主要来源于耕地的转出及两山绿化,其次为建设用地,主要是对耕地、草地和未利用地的占用;土地利用类型面积减少最大的是耕地,主要转变为林地、草地和建设用地。土地利用变化引起生态系统服务价值及GDP变化,其分别从1997年的59.99亿元,210.27亿元上升到2009年的61.52亿元,920亿元。总体呈增长趋势,表明该区域生态环境整体向良性方向发展。 相似文献
983.
Songhui Wang Bingren Xiang Yilong Su Qianqian Tang 《Environmental Chemistry Letters》2012,10(4):383-387
This report describes a rapid, onsite method to analyze the dichlorvos pesticide in water. Dichlorvos is a broad-spectrum pesticide that has been used worldwide. As an organophosphorus pesticide, dichlorvos disrupts the nervous system by inhibiting the activity of acetyl cholinesterase. Traditional analysis of dichlorvos by chromatography is time-consuming and environmentally unfriendly. Therefore, rapid, on-site methods to analyze dichlorvos are needed. Here, we used for the first time Fourier transform near infrared spectroscopy combined with partial least square-discriminant analysis to determine the dichlorvos directly in water samples. Results were compared with traditional high-performance liquid chromatography data as reference. We found that over 9,000–8,333?cm?1, the new method had a good performance with a classification accuracy of 100?% and a correlation coefficient of 0.92 between measured and reference data. The new method can also be used as a “concentration sieve” by setting up different levels of boundary, a parameter of partial least square-discriminant analysis, thus allowing rapid on-site screening. 相似文献
984.
Although an understanding of mating systems is thought to be an important component of long-term population management, these
life history characteristics are poorly known in sharks. Here, we employ polymorphic microsatellite markers to test for the
occurrence and prevalence of multiple paternity in a population of the brown smoothhound shark, Mustelus henlei. We analyzed litters from 14 females sampled from the Pacific coast of Baja California Sur. The minimum number of sires ranged
from one to three with an average of 2.3 sires per litter. Regression analyses did not indicate a relationship between female
body size and number of sires, or female body size and size of the litter. A review of the existing literature on genetic
mating systems in sharks suggests that polyandry may be common and that reproductive behavior may have evolved from conflicting
selection pressures between the sexes. 相似文献
985.
Stable isotope ratios of a tropical marine predator: confounding effects of nutritional status during growth 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
Larisa Lee Cruz Rona A. R. McGill Simon J. Goodman Keith C. Hamer 《Marine Biology》2012,159(4):873-880
Stable isotope analysis of carbon and nitrogen is frequently used to study the diets and foraging ecology of marine predators.
However, isotopic values may also be affected by an individual’s nutritional status and associated physiological processes.
Here, we use C and N stable isotopes in blood and feathers of blue-footed booby chicks at the Galápagos Islands to examine
how isotopic values are related to body condition and growth rate, and to assess the consistency in the isotope ratios of
individuals during growth. Size dimorphism in blue-footed boobies provided an additional opportunity to examine how isotope
ratios differ between sexes in relation to body size and growth rate. There was no significant difference between sexes but
both C and N stable isotopes were significantly negatively related to the body condition of chicks. These data were consistent
with individual variation in physiological processes affecting fractionation, although we cannot rule out the possibility
that they were also influenced to some extent by population-level variation in the stable isotope ratios of prey fed to chicks,
for instance related to prey size, depth or lipid content. Our results highlight the need for methods that take proper account
of confounding physiological factors in isotopic studies of foraging ecology and diet. 相似文献
986.
Marianne Robert Laurent Dagorn Jean Louis Deneubourg David Itano Kim Holland 《Marine Biology》2012,159(4):907-914
Several lines of evidence indicate that aggregations of yellowfin tuna associated with floating objects are more frequently
composed of small animals than larger ones. Also, the diet of small yellowfin tuna caught at anchored fish aggregating devices
(FADs) around Oahu, Hawaii, was found to shift quite rapidly when these fish reached approximately 50 cm FL. In order to test
for ontogenetic changes in aggregation behavior, we tagged and released two distinct size classes of yellowfin tuna in an
array of anchored FADs around Oahu, Hawaii. Twenty-four yellowfin tuna 30–39 cm FL and 16 yellowfin tuna 63–83 cm FL were
tagged with acoustic transmitters and released near anchored FADs equipped with automated acoustic receivers. Fish in the
smaller size class stayed about 2.5 times longer at individual FADs than the larger fish (mean 4.05 days vs. 1.65 days) and
displayed larger horizontal movements within the array. However, the durations of unassociated phases, residence times in
the entire FAD array, percentage of time spent associated with FADs and numbers of movements between FADs did not show any
difference between the two size groups. The observed size-dependent behavior is discussed in terms of physiological abilities,
diet segregation and anti-predator behavior. 相似文献
987.
Spatiotemporal distribution patterns in relation to feeding behavior of herbivorous gastropods have been studied extensively,
but still knowledge about small-scale patterns is limited in relation to eutrophication. This experimental study aimed to
describe the small-scale distribution of Littorina littorea in nutrient-enriched and nutrient-unenriched mesocosms in a merely atidal region and relate the distribution to food abundance
and possible competing organisms, while checking simultaneously for feeding activities. The latter part was accomplished through
the “gut fluorescence technique” GFT (which, to our knowledge, has not previously been used for benthic grazers) to estimate
per capita grazing rates and the former part through monitoring of spatial heterogeneity of L. littorea and co-variation with sessile organisms (using semivariograms and cross-semivariograms, respectively). After 5 months of
nutrient addition, the abundance and biomass of L. littorea had increased in enriched systems, which also had significantly higher total biomass of green algae. Gut pigment content
was higher in L. littorea from enriched mesocosms, and gut depletion rate was higher in L. littorea from unenriched mesocosms. Spatial analysis showed that L. littorea exhibited generally random patterns (suggesting feeding activities) but sometimes (often in the morning) spatial patchiness
(clumped distribution) in both enriched and unenriched conditions. There was mainly positive co-variation between L. littorea and biofilm, while different nutrient conditions exhibited contrasting co-variation between L. littorea and barnacles (positive co-variation in enriched and negative co-variation in unenriched mesocosms). The study offered insights
into how feeding behavior and spatial distribution of a species may interact with community components differently under different
nutrient regimes. The applied methodology can be useful for purposes of faster examination of grazing effects among different
regions and also to compare grazing intensities and interactions between grazers and the benthic communities in disturbed
(including pollution and nutrient enrichment) and non-disturbed systems, as well as in up-welling versus non-upwelling areas. 相似文献
988.
Michael D. Arendt Albert L. Segars Julia I. Byrd Jessica Boynton J. David Whitaker Lindsey Parker David W. Owens Gaëlle Blanvillain Joseph M. Quattro Mark A. Roberts 《Marine Biology》2012,159(1):101-112
Satellite transmitters were attached to 25 reproductively active and four inactive adult male loggerhead sea turtles (86.6–107.0 cm
SCLmin) captured from the Port Canaveral, FL, USA shipping channel to assess horizontal and vertical distributions. During
the breeding period, male loggerheads aggregated (44% of 755 turtle days) in a 117.6 km2 core area that encompassed the shipping channel. Median dive duration during the breeding period was 27 min (IQR = 15–42
min) and males spent 4% (IQR = 3–5%) of the time at the surface, with significantly shorter dives associated with reproductively
active males. Migrant and resident males dispersed concurrently, with residents shifting > 30 km east across the continental
shelf over a more protracted departure schedule than migrants. Dive duration and time spent at the surface increased through
the fall. Cluster analysis revealed the strongest association for dive duration with sea state during and after the breeding
period, with significantly longer dives during more turbulent conditions. In contrast, univariate associations with surface
interval duration were not elucidated. 相似文献
989.
Sublethal predation can be a significant trophic pathway in sediment communities, and the regeneration of damaged tissue affects
the activity, growth, and reproduction of prey. A field experiment was conducted 12–18 July 2010 in the Tijuana Estuary, California
(+32.56617°, −117.13152°), to measure in situ rates of body growth and palp regeneration of the polychaete Polydora cornuta after simulating sublethal predation by removing 2, 1, or 0 palps from labeled individuals. After 3 days in the field, individuals
that had 2 palps removed grew significantly slower than worms that had 0 palps removed; 1-palp worms had intermediate growth.
After 6 days in the field, rates of body growth were faster than those of worms recovered after 3 days, with similar trends
among the three palp treatments. During the 3-day transplantation, removed palps regenerated to half the initial length of
unmanipulated palps. After 6 days, palp lengths did not differ significantly among treatment groups, indicating complete regeneration.
The regeneration rate of removed palps was significantly faster than the growth rate of undamaged palps, and palp regeneration
rate did not differ significantly between worms that had 1 or 2 palps removed. 相似文献
990.
利用CH2Cl2和超声对天津市13户家庭住宅冬季和夏季26个室内降尘样品中6种邻苯二甲酸酯(DMP、DEP、DBP、BBP、DEHP、DOP)进行提取分离,并采用气相色谱-质谱定量分析,研究了邻苯二甲酸酯污染变化特征和暴露风险.结果表明,冬夏两季,室内降尘样品均以DEHP 浓度最大,DBP第二,且DBP 和DEHP之和占ΣPAEs 的比例达到80.0%以上;冬季,各采样点6种邻苯二甲酸酯总含量(∑PAEs)浓度在1.498~32.587μg/g之间,平均浓度为(6.772±8.154)μg/g;夏季,∑PAEs浓度在1.981~40.041μg/g之间,平均浓度为(13.406±12.911) μg/g;PAEs浓度季节变化差异显著,夏季降尘样品中PAEs浓度高于冬季.暴露评价显示儿童和成人的夏季邻苯二甲酸酯总暴露量均大于冬季;经口暴露水平大于皮肤;平均儿童的暴露水平是成人的10倍左右;成人和儿童对4种物质(DBP、DEHP、DEP、BBP)的总暴露量最大值均出现在夏季;天津室内降尘暴露量与我国6城市室内降尘总暴露水平相当(除DEHP外),与德国和美国的暴露水平相比,天津儿童和成人的暴露量偏小.但是,室内环境中PAEs污染对人体健康的影响仍要引起重视,尤其是对低龄儿童的健康危害. 相似文献