长江口及毗邻海域水质和生态动力学模型与应用研究

为系统地实施污染控制和生态保护措施,国家环保总局从2005年起组织开展"长江口及毗邻海域碧海行动计划"调查与研究工作.评估行动计划实施效果,开展海域水质和生态动力学模型研究是十分必要的.在长江口及毗邻海域流场、盐度场、温度场和泥沙场模型的基础上建立了二维水质模型,主要模拟指标为高锰酸盐指数、氨氮、无机氮、无机磷,通过2005年夏季和秋季实测水质资料进行了模型的验证和率定,确定了污染物的综合降解参数,利用二维水质模型进行设计水文条件下33个概化排污口控制污染物的水质响应系数场的模拟计算,为海域容量计算和总量分配奠定了基础.建立了长江口及毗邻海域三维生态动力学模型,利用三维生态模型对应用水质模型计算得出的总量控制方案进行了校验模拟.结果表明实施全海区功能达标控制方案后,原赤潮易发区叶绿素浓度值显著降低,叶绿素高浓度区域面积基本消失,中高浓度区域的面积也由现状方案约1万km2减少了90%.     

粘土吸附水中氟离子的研究

研究了粘土和明矾去除饮用水中氟离子的机理,探讨了pH值、溶液温度、氟离子浓度和吸附时间对粘土吸附饮用水中氟离子的影响.结果表明,粘土对饮用水中氟离子具有较好的吸附效果,是较为理想的饮水除氟材料.     

A complete set of procedure for determination of multiresidue of pesticides in vegetables

A complete set of procedure for determination of multiresidue of pesticides in vegetables was presented in this paper.The complete set of procedure included three steps:bioassay,cholinesterase inhibition and GLC analysis.The samples could be identified to be contaminated with pesticides if 5% of house flies was knocked down in 50 tested house flies. Those samples contaminated with pesticides needed to be detected by AChE inhibition method.The qualitative and quantitative analyses were carried out by GLC.Recoveries ranged from 83.7% in Chinese cabbages to 105.6% in tomatoes for pyrethroids,and 84.0% in tomatoes to 102.7% in sweetbell redpeppes for organophosphorus compounds.Coefficients of variations ranged from 0.59% to organophosphorus compounds.Coefficients of variations ranged from 0.59% to 7.87% for pyrethroids. and 0.33% to 9.88% for organophosphorus compounds with vegetables. The complete set of procedure has been used successfully to analyze 7000 samples collected in Beijing. About 1% of the samp     

The evolution of pollution profile and health risk assessment for three groups SVOCs pollutants along with Beijiang River,China

Three important groups of semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), organic chlorinated pesticides (OCPs) and phthalate esters (PAEs), were produced by various human activities and entered the water body. In this study, the pollution profiles of three species including 16 PAHs, 20 OCPs and 15 PAEs in water along the Beijiang River, China were investigated. The concentrations of Σ₁₆PAHs in the dissolved and particulate phases were obtained as 69–1.5 × 10² ng L^?1 and 2.3 × 10³–8.6 × 10⁴ ng g^?1, respectively. The levels of Σ₂₀OCPs were 23–66 ng L^?1 (dissolved phase) and 19–1.7 × 10³ ng g^?1 (particulate phase). Nevertheless, higher levels of PAEs were found both in the dissolved and particulate phases due to abuse use of plastic products. Furthermore, non-cancer and cancer risks caused by these SVOCs through the ingestion absorption and dermal absorption were also assessed. There was no non-cancer risk existed through two kinds of exposure of them at current levels, whereas certain cancer risk existed through dermal absorption of PAHs in the particulate phase in some sampling sites. The results will show scientific insights into the evaluation of the status of combined pollution in river basins, and the determination of strategies for incident control and pollutant remediation.     

天津市城市扬尘及土壤尘单颗粒质谱特征

为探究城市扬尘及不同类型的土壤尘单颗粒质谱特征,使用SPAMS（单颗粒气溶胶质谱仪）对天津城市扬尘及不同类型土壤尘（菜地、果园、林地、农田）进行分析.结果表明:天津城市扬尘粒径在0.5~1.0 μm之间的占比较高;4种土壤尘在不同粒径段的分布略有差异,整体而言小粒径段（0.2~1.0 μm）占比低于大粒径段（1.0~2.0 μm）,说明土壤尘更易分布在大粒径段.在小粒径段,天津城市扬尘颗粒含有更多的碳组分及硫酸盐,大粒径段含有较多的金属、氯、硝酸盐、磷酸盐及硅酸盐组分.与城市扬尘相比,土壤尘中23Na+、46NO₂-峰强显著降低,39K+、35Cl-、42CNO-峰强增高,通过其峰强比值分布可将城市扬尘与土壤尘明显区分.与城市扬尘相比,土壤尘中含碳颗粒显著减少,同时出现钾类颗粒.城市扬尘作为一种混合源,含碳颗粒可能受多种排放源（机动车、燃煤等）影响,而土壤尘中钾类颗粒可能与农作物施肥有关.两种源类含27Al+、26CN-、35Cl-、42CNO-、46NO₂-、76SiO₃-、79PO₃-的颗粒占比均高于50%,其中40Ca+、46NO₂-和62NO₃-颗粒在天津城市扬尘中占比更高,76SiO₃-颗粒在土壤尘中占比更高,表明天津城市扬尘中更多的颗粒含有钙和硝酸盐组分,土壤尘中含硅酸盐颗粒较多.与机动车尾气、生物质燃烧等排放的颗粒物相比,天津城市扬尘及土壤尘中含97HSO₄-颗粒占比较低,表明天津城市扬尘及土壤尘颗粒中含有更少的硫酸盐,可作为将天津城市扬尘、土壤尘与其他源类区分的指标.      

生物砂滤池对有机物和氨氮的去除

当在常规工艺前加生物预处理并取消预加氯时,砂滤池就成为生物砂滤池。与普通砂滤池相比其对有机物、氨氮和浊度的去除率都有很大的提高。实验以珠江源水为水源研究了生物砂滤池对高锰酸盐指数、NH3-N、NO2--N和浊度的去除,在实验期间生物砂滤池出水高锰酸盐指数、NH3-N、浊度平均值分别为1.32mg/L、0.098mg/L、0.171NTU,其相对于沉淀池出水的高锰酸盐指数、NH3-N、浊度的平均去除率分别为18.52%、72.93%、64.45%,而砂滤池出水NO2--N几乎检测不出来。滤池进水与出水溶解氧的变化也证明了砂滤池中生物的存在,并且生长状况良好。     

基于多种方法的长江上游小流域水质综合评价

选取大河和巴关河流域2018—2022年水质监测数据,运用单因子评价法、Spearman秩相关系数法、综合污染指数法和主成分分析法,对流域水质状况、变化趋势及主要污染物特征进行综合评价分析。结果表明:2018—2022年,大河流域水质未达到地表水Ⅲ类标准;流域整体综合污染指数超过了1,为重污染,下游污染程度较重;营养指标和有机污染物指标存在显著正相关。巴关河流域水质达到了地表水Ⅲ类标准;流域整体综合污染指数未超过1,为中污染,上游污染程度较重;营养指标、有机污染物指标和重金属指标等均呈现出不同程度的相关性。巴关河流域水质总体优于大河流域。TP、NH₃-N、COD_Mn、COD_Cr和BOD₅是影响大河流域和巴关河流域水质的主要因子,均属于有机型及富营养化污染指标,主要来自生活源和农业源。建议选择适宜的评价方法开展系统性小流域污染溯源,分河段有针对性地开展小流域水环境治理。     

海盐非均相反应对山东沿海大气O3浓度的影响

通过改进WRF-CMAQ模型中非均相反应模块,定量研究了2017年夏季和冬季海盐与含氮气体非均相反应对我国山东沿海地区大气O₃浓度的影响.模拟结果表明,考虑海盐气溶胶非均相反应后,山东沿海地区夏季O₃小时浓度增加了0.2×10^-9~6.6×10^-9（0.5%~15.5%）,冬季增加了0.8×10^-9~15.3×10^-9（1.7%~27.4%）,ClNO₂在夏季和冬季分别增加了100×10^-12~250×10^-12,300×10^-12~650×10^-12;夏季O₃浓度增加主要集中在山东东部,而冬季O₃的增加则覆盖了山东大部分地区,表明海盐非均相反应对冬季O₃的影响强度及范围均明显高于夏季.海盐非均相反应引起的O₃浓度增加主要发生在日间,特别是8：00~16：00.该反应对渤海及南黄海大气O₃浓度也有影响,且在这些海域生成的O₃可通过4条传输路径影响山东沿海地区,甚至可影响到济南、菏泽等山东中西部地区（距离山东东部海岸线~350km）;海洋大气中O₃的传输可造成山东东部沿海O₃浓度升高0.2×10^-9~15.3×10^-9,山东中西部O₃升高0.3×10^-9~6.2×10^-9.     

Wastewater reclamation and reuse in China: Opportunities and challenges

The growing water stress both in terms of water scarcity and quality deterioration promotes the development of reclaimed water as a new water resource use. This paper reviewed wastewater reuse practices in China, and the opportunities and challenges of expanding reclaimed water use were analyzed. Rapid urbanization with the increasing of water demand and wastewater discharge provides an opportunity for wastewater reuse. The vast amount of wastewater discharge and low reclaimed water production mean that wastewater reuse still has a great potential in China. Many environmental and economic benefits and successful reclamation technologies also provide opportunities for wastewater reuse. In addition, the overall strategy in China is also encouraging for wastewater reuse. In the beginning stage of wastewater reclamation and reuse, there are many significant challenges to expand wastewater reuse in China including slow pace in adopting urban wastewater reuse programs, the establishment of integrated water resources management framework and guidelines for wastewater reuse programs, incoherent water quality requirements, the limited commercial development of reclaimed water and the strengthening of public awareness and cooperation among stakeholders.     

关于实施挥发性有机物总量控制的几点思考

国家提出对挥发性有机物排放进行总量控制,本文从挥发性有机物的定性、定量、检测等方面分析了目前存在的困难和问题,并提出了初步建议。