天津中东部平原区土壤盐分空间分布特征

土壤盐渍化是滨海地区生态保护修复的重要影响因素。为了解天津平原地区土壤盐渍化程度,沿永定新河、海河干流和独流减河3条入海河流海陆方向开展堤外土壤盐分采样调查,结合地统计学和GIS技术,分析海陆方向土壤盐分的空间梯度和变异特征,以期为天津生态保护修复和陆海统筹提供科学依据。结果表明:土壤水溶性盐含量和碱化度整体呈自东南向西北递减的趋势;重度及以上盐渍化土主要分布在海岸线向陆地纵深15 km的滨海新区,其中盐土、重度碱化土主要分布在大港距海10 km内、塘沽与汉沽距海5 km内;中度盐渍化土主要分布在独流减河沿线距海15~60 km内;轻度盐渍化土主要分布在海河干流沿线距海10~60 km内。土壤阳离子以Na+为主;从海岸线向陆域方向,土壤阴离子从以Cl-、 SO 4 2 - 为主逐步过渡到以 SO 4 2 - 、 CO 3 2 - + HCO 3 - 为主。独流减河一线盐渍土类型以硫酸盐-氯化物和氯化物-硫酸盐为主;海河干流中部平原区盐渍土类型以硫酸盐-苏打为主;永定新河一线盐渍土类型以硫酸盐-氯化物和苏打-硫酸盐为主。     

典型进口废物循环利用技术园区投资建设模式研究

随着社会经济的快速发展、资源及原材料需求量的不断增加,以进口废物为原料进行加工利用的循环经济园区也随之蓬勃发展。循环经济产业园区建设过程中有投资巨大、资本回收周期长、投资主体众多的特点。在考虑经济效益的同时,也要统筹考虑社会效益和环境效益,因此选择何种投资建设模式来指导园区建设具有十分重大的意义。本文通过对国内三省的四个园区投资建设模式的调查研究,分析对比了不同投资建设模式的典型特征,总结概括了不同模式之间的优缺点,为同类园区的开发建设提供了有益参考。     

进口废塑料环境保护管理研究

随着塑料资源的大量消耗,废塑料的利用引起了社会的高度重视。工艺简单,投入成本少,入行门槛低导致部分废塑料加工利用企业技术水平低、管理模式差、环境污染重。为规范进口废塑料行业,通过调研统计、实验分析、咨询论证和研究了进口废塑料环境保护管理规定,对进口废塑料企业的规模、设备、人员和管理等方面提出了要求,为进一步规范提升进口废塑料行业提供技术支撑。     

宁波南沙港网箱养殖水域营养状况评价及生物修复策略

根据2007年1月-2007年11月4个航次对宁波南沙港网箱养殖水域水体营养盐（NO2--N、NO3--N、NH 4＋-N和PO34--P）含量的监测结果,利用营养指数E法对水体的富营养化状态进行了评价。根据网箱养殖系统物质平衡方程和现场调查实验数据,估算了南沙港网箱养殖水域的氮磷污染负荷,以溶解态氮作为平衡指标,估算了鱼藻类合理的配比模式。结果表明,南沙港水体中NO2--N、NO3--N、NH4＋-N、PO4-P含量年变化范围分别为0.26μmol/L～4.86μmol/L,33.93μmol/L～82.86μmol/L,0.59μmol/L～7.86μmol/L,1.47μmol/L～2.97μmol/L,不同养殖区之间营养盐含量差异不显著（p〈0.05）;营养指数E值年变化范围介于2.41～15.99之间,表明该港水体处于重度富营养化状态;养殖区N/P值的年平均值为32.95,表明南沙港海区是一个氮过剩的养殖系统。南沙港网箱养殖水域氮、磷的负荷量分别为70.43 t/a和5.96 t/a,其中溶解态氮、磷负荷量分别为49.3 t/a和2.38 t/a;南沙港的藻类养殖面积需要在现有基础上再扩大0.44倍,达到107.52 ha,才可以与网箱养殖系统的氮磷污染负荷构成平衡;网箱养殖个数与藻类养殖面积（ha）的合理配比约为1∶0.027。     

Influence of particle size on the aggregation behavior of nanoparticles: Role of structural hydration layer

More and more attention has been paid to the aggregation behavior of nanoparticles, but little research has been done on the effect of particle size. Therefore, this study systematically evaluated the aggregation behavior of nano-silica particles with diameter 130–480 nm at different initial particle concentration, pH, ionic strength, and ionic valence of electrolytes. The modified Smoluchowski theory failed to describe the aggregation kinetics for nano-silica particles with diameters less than 190 nm. Besides, ionic strength, cation species and pH all affected fast aggregation rate coefficients of 130 nm nanoparticles. Through incorporating structural hydration force into the modified Smoluchowski theory, it is found that the reason for all the anomalous aggregation behavior was the different structural hydration layer thickness of nanoparticles with various sizes. The thickness decreased with increasing of particle size, and remained basically unchanged for particles larger than 190 nm. Only when the distance at primary minimum was twice the thickness of structural hydration layer, the structural hydration force dominated, leading to the higher stability of nanoparticles. This study clearly clarified the unique aggregation mechanism of nanoparticles with smaller size, which provided reference for predicting transport and fate of nanoparticles and could help facilitate the evaluation of their environment risks.     

混合菌利用制酒废水产生的微生物絮凝剂的成分及理化特性研究

对蜡状芽孢杆菌(Bacillus cereus)和膜璞毕赤酵母菌(Pichia membranifaciens)混合后利用制酒废水作为替代培养基产生的复合型微生物絮凝剂XJBF-1进行了成分及理化特性研究。结果表明,XJBF-1的主要成分是多糖(质量分数为63.40%),总蛋白质质量分数仅为0.87%;XJBF-1为线型结构,分子量仅为50 798u,低于一般的微生物絮凝剂;XJBF-1具有较好的热稳定性,这一特性有利于絮凝活性物质的提取和纯化;XJBF-1对糖化酶作用敏感,而对蛋白酶作用不敏感;XJBF-1对鱼苗基本没有急性毒性,可以作为无毒水处理剂使用。     

Degradation of bisphenol A in aqueous solution by persulfate activated with ferrous ion

Degradation of bisphenol A (BPA) in aqueous solution was studied with high-efficiency sulfate radical (SO₄ ^?·), which was generated by the activation of persulfate (S₂O₈ ^2?) with ferrous ion (Fe²⁺). S₂O₈ ^2? was activated by Fe²⁺ to produce SO₄ ^?·, and iron powder (Fe⁰) was used as a slow-releasing source of dissolved Fe²⁺. The major oxidation products of BPA were determined by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometer. The mineralization efficiency of BPA was monitored by total organic carbon (TOC) analyzer. BPA removal efficiency was improved by the increase of initial S₂O₈ ^2? or Fe²⁺ concentrations and then decreased with excess Fe²⁺ concentration. The adding mode of Fe²⁺ had significant impact on BPA degradation and mineralization. BPA removal rates increased from 49 to 97 % with sequential addition of Fe²⁺, while complete degradation was observed with continuous diffusion of Fe²⁺, and the latter achieved higher TOC removal rate. When Fe⁰ was employed as a slow-releasing source of dissolved Fe²⁺, 100 % of BPA degradation efficiency was achieved, and the highest removal rate of TOC (85 %) was obtained within 2 h. In the Fe⁰–S₂O₈ ^2? system, Fe⁰ as the activator of S₂O₈ ^2? could offer sustainable oxidation for BPA, and higher TOC removal rate was achieved. It was proved that Fe⁰–S₂O₈ ^2? system has perspective for future works.     

Exploring the relationship between vegetation spectra and eco-geo-environmental conditions in karst region, Southwest China

Remote sensing of local environmental conditions is not accessible if substrates are covered with vegetation. This study explored the relationship between vegetation spectra and karst eco-geo-environmental conditions. Hyperspectral remote sensing techniques showed that there were significant differences between spectral features of vegetation mainly distributed in karst and non-karst regions, and combination of 1,300- to 2,500-nm reflectance and 400- to 680-nm first-derivative spectra could delineate karst and non-karst vegetation groups. Canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) successfully assessed to what extent the variation of vegetation spectral features can be explained by associated eco-geo-environmental variables, and it was found that soil moisture and calcium carbonate contents had the most significant effects on vegetation spectral features in karst region. Our study indicates that vegetation spectra is tightly linked to eco-geo-environmental conditions and CCA is an effective means of studying the relationship between vegetation spectral features and eco-geo-environmental variables. Employing a combination of spectral and spatial analysis, it is anticipated that hyperspectral imagery can be used in interpreting or mapping eco-geo-environmental conditions covered with vegetation in karst region.     

浅谈测井事故的认识与处理

在测井过程中,由于各种不可预见的复杂原因,测井事故不可避免。文章分析了形成测井事故的影响因素,如井径、钻井液性能、全角变化率、操作过程、套管鞋等。一旦测井事故发生,根据卡电缆、卡仪器、断电缆的事故特点来判断事故类型,再根据各种处理方法的优缺点来处理事故;提出一些注意事项,使测井事故防患于未然。     

Removal of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from aqueous solution on soybean stalk-based carbon

Soybean [ (L.) Merr.] stalk-based carbons were prepared by phosphoric acid activation at different carbonization temperatures. Characteristics of the prepared carbon, including specific surface area, iodine number, and amount of methylene blue sorption, were determined. Experiments on phenanthrene, naphthalene, and acenaphthene, as representatives of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), removal from aqueous solution by the prepared carbon were conducted at different levels of carbon addition. The results indicated that the specific surface area, iodine number, and amount of methylene blue sorption increased with an increase of carbonization temperature. The maximum values were observed at 700°C and were 287.63 m g, 508.99 mg g, and 90.14 mg g, respectively. The removal efficiencies of phenanthrene, naphthalene, and acenaphthene tended to increase with increasing carbon amounts and carbonization temperature. The optimal removal performance was obtained under the experimental conditions of carbon concentrations of 0.04 g 32 mL and carbonization temperature of 700°C, and the removal efficiencies of phenanthrene, naphthalene, and acenaphthene were 99.89, 100, and 95.64%, respectively. The performance of the prepared carbon was superior to that of commercial activated carbon. Additionally, for the same carbon concentrations, the removal efficiency of PAHs on prepared carbons followed the order: phenanthrene > naphthalene > acenaphthene. Results obtained from this work provide some insight into the reuse of an agricultural residue, and also provide a new application for the treatment of PAHs in contaminated water utilizing activated carbon prepared from agricultural residues.