不同氧化还原条件下土壤中Cd/Zn/Cu共运移特征及数值模拟

以重金属离子镉（Cd）、锌（Zn）、铜（Cu）为研究对象,通过室内土柱混合置换实验和数值模拟方法,分析了5种不同氧化还原电位（E_h）对Cd、Zn、Cu在土壤中运移的影响.结果表明,不同E_h下,Cu的竞争吸附能力均大于Cd和Zn,移动性较小;并产生了“滚雪球效应”,导致出流液中Cd和Zn的浓度大于输入浓度.与原土相比,E_h的增加或降低均促进了Zn、Cd的迁移速率,但对实验周期内回收率的影响不同;E_h的增加促进了Cu的迁移.两点非平衡模型（TSM）和单点非平衡吸附模型（OSM）较好地模拟了重金属的迁移,且进一步表明了土壤对重金属的吸附受吸附反应速率的限制（f<0.7）.在复合污染土壤评价和防治中,不仅要考虑E_h的影响,还要关注由竞争吸附所产生的浓度叠加效应,避免低估重金属的污染风险.     

Characteristics of plankton Hg bioaccumulations based on a global data set and the implications for aquatic systems with aggravating nutrient imbalance

• Hg bioaccumulation by phytoplankton varies among aquatic ecosystems. • Active Hg uptake may exist for the phytoplankton in aquatic ecosystems. • Impacts of nutrient imbalance on food chain Hg transfer should be addressed. The bioaccumulation of mercury (Hg) in aquatic ecosystem poses a potential health risk to human being and aquatic organism. Bioaccumulations by plankton represent a crucial process of Hg transfer from water to aquatic food chain. However, the current understanding of major factors affecting Hg accumulation by plankton is inadequate. In this study, a data set of 89 aquatic ecosystems worldwide, including inland water, nearshore water and open sea, was established. Key factors influencing plankton Hg bioaccumulation (i.e., plankton species, cell sizes and biomasses) were discussed. The results indicated that total Hg (THg) and methylmercury (MeHg) concentrations in plankton in inland waters were significantly higher than those in nearshore waters and open seas. Bioaccumulation factors for the logarithm of THg and MeHg of phytoplankton were 2.4–6.0 and 2.6–6.7 L/kg, respectively, in all aquatic ecosystems. They could be further biomagnified by a factor of 2.1–15.1 and 5.3–28.2 from phytoplankton to zooplankton. Higher MeHg concentrations were observed with the increases of cell size for both phyto- and zooplankton. A contrasting trend was observed between the plankton biomasses and BAF_MeHg, with a positive relationship for zooplankton and a negative relationship for phytoplankton. Plankton physiologic traits impose constraints on the rates of nutrients and contaminants obtaining process from water. Nowadays, many aquatic ecosystems are facing rapid shifts in nutrient compositions. We suggested that these potential influences on the growth and composition of plankton should be incorporated in future aquatic Hg modeling and ecological risk assessments.     

Discovery of emerging organic pollutants in the atmosphere through an omics approach

● We review the framework of discovering emerging pollutants through an omics approach. ● High-resolution MS can digitalize atmospheric samples to full-component data. ● Chemical features and databases can help to translate untargeted data to compounds. ● Biological effect-directed untargeted analyses consider both existence and toxicity. Ambient air pollution, containing numerous known and hitherto unknown compounds, is a major risk factor for public health. The discovery of harmful components is the prerequisite for pollution control; however, this raises a great challenge on recognizing previously unknown species. Here we systematically review the analytical techniques on air pollution in the framework of an omics approach, with a brief introduction on sample preparation and analysis, and in more detail, compounds prioritization and identification. Through high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS, typically coupled with chromatography), the complicated environmental matrix can be digitalized into “full-component” data. A key step to discover emerging compounds is the prioritization of compounds from massive data. Chemical fingerprints, suspect lists and biological effects are the most vital untargeted strategies for comprehensively screening critical and hazardous substances. Afterward, compressed data of compounds can be identified at various confidence levels according to exact mass and the derived molecular formula, MS libraries, and authentic standards. Such an omics approach on full-component data provides a paradigm for discovering emerging air pollutants; nonetheless, new technological advancements of instruments and databases are warranted for further tracking the environmental behaviors, hence to evaluate the health risk of key pollutants.     

外源甜菜碱投加增强高盐废水厌氧氨氧化脱氮性能

废水因含盐量高而导致其生物处理效率降低,对于如何提高高盐环境下的生物处理效率已成为目前的研究热点.采用厌氧氨氧化工艺处理高盐废水,以不同甜菜碱浓度对厌氧氨氧化脱氮效能为研究对象,探讨了甜菜碱对厌氧氨氧化脱氮效能的影响.结果表明：①投加甜菜碱对系统脱氮效能有明显的改善作用,甜菜碱浓度为0.1~0.4 mmol·L^-1时,添加甜菜碱缓解了盐胁迫对厌氧氨氧化菌生长的抑制,也促进了反硝化菌的生长;甜菜碱浓度为0.4~0.5 mmol·L^-1时,推测反硝化菌为优势菌群,但对总氮去除表现为促进作用.甜菜碱浓度大于0.5 mmol·L^-1后,添加甜菜碱已无法缓解盐胁迫对反应器脱氮效能的抑制,最终在甜菜碱浓度0.8 mmol·L^-1时对反应器产生完全抑制.②甜菜碱的添加浓度为0.3 mmol·L^-1时,反应去除效能达到最佳,NH₄⁺-N和NO₂^--N分别提升了16%和32%,NRR提升了26.8%.③在最后的恢复试验中,随着甜菜碱浓度的降低反应器脱氮效能得到快速恢复,NH₄⁺-N恢复到50.6%,NO₂^--N平均去除率为63.7%,NRR恢复到0.65 kg·（m³·d）^-1,这说明甜菜碱对反应器的影响是可逆的.     

快速城市化背景下县域尺度农田氮素平衡状况的演变 ——以江苏省宜兴市为例

以苏南宜兴市为例,通过收支计算,揭示快速城市化背景下县域尺度农田土壤氮素平衡的演变及其主要影响因素.结果表明,自1985年以来,由于化肥施用量的大幅度下降和有机肥使用的减少,宜兴市农田氮素输入总量减少,氮素盈余由1985年的131.7kg/hm2减少至2008年的5.0kg/hm2,收支逐渐趋于平衡.这一变化有利于减少农田生态系统氮素的积累,从而降低非点源污染的危害.然而,人畜排泄物利用的减少虽然能够在一定程度上降低农田氮素的盈余,但增加了向水体的直接排放,从全局考虑不利于区域水环境质量的改善.     

基于改进遗传算法的河流水污染源反演方法

针对河流水污染应急响应过程中污染源排放历史迟知、未知的问题,结合多种群遗传算法和自适应遗传算法,利用一维河流水质模型和水质监测数据,研究建立了基于改进遗传算法的河流水污染定量源反演方法,实现了对河流污染源排放历史的识别与重构.将该方法应用于美国特拉基河流的3个不同流量下的示踪剂实验中,对示踪剂排放历史进行定量源反演分析.结果表明：IGA算法对高、中、低不同流量下的3次示踪剂实验均可以很好的重构和识别示踪剂排放历史,对于实际河流水污染源反演分析的误差均在可接受范围内.IGA算法在河流水污染源反演分析中具有一定的可靠性和稳定性,可为河流水污染精准溯源与治理提供科学的技术支撑.     

催化湿式氧化处理H—酸溶液的反应动力学

两阶段一级反应动力学模型和广义动力学模型被用来描述湿式氧化（ＷＡＯ）及催化湿式氧化（ＣＷＡＯ）反应过程，并确定了动力学参数。２个模型的计算值均与实验值相符，而广义动力学模型相对现准确些。２个确定均表明反尖分２个步骤：首先是Ｈ－酸被迅速氧化成小分子有机酸，后者再缓慢氧化，这２个步骤由模型参数加以表征，因而模型可被用来对ＣＷＡＯ催化剂进行评价。     

硫酸钙垢层清洗方法研究

从化学热力学角度和沉淀转化角度,理论上分析了碳酸钠、氢氧化钠分别与硫酸钙发生化学反应的可能性和反应进行的限度。并结合动力学规律,提出影响化学反应的条件,通过实验进行检验。最后提出,在实际工作中,达到良好清洗目的可采取的措施。     

北京地区夏冬季气溶胶不同参数的相关性分析

通过对北京市夏冬季不同尺寸大气气溶胶粒子数密度与颗粒物质量浓度及大气能见度的相关性分析,给出了利用粒子数密度计算颗粒物(PM₁₀,PM2.5和PM1.0)质量浓度和大气能见度的经验计算公式。      

二氧化氯消毒前后污水毒性的变化及消毒条件的影响

采用发光细菌试验和umu试验,分别考察了二氧化氯投加量和反应时间对污水二氧化氯消毒后急性毒性和遗传毒性变化的影响.结果表明,随着二氧化氯消毒剂投加量的增加,消毒后水样的急性毒性不断增大,但遗传毒性逐渐减小后趋于稳定.随着反应时间的延长,二氧化氯的消耗量不断增大,消毒后水样的急性毒性先增大后减小,遗传毒性逐渐减小后趋于稳定.由于消毒条件对污水急性毒性和遗传毒性有着不同的影响,说明污水中产生急性毒性和产生遗传毒性的物质不同,对于某一种污水,通过控制消毒条件可以使消毒后污水的急性毒性和遗传毒性都较低.