基于三维风险函数的电力生产事故隐患分级方法研究

为了构建科学有效的事故隐患排查治理长效机制,实现电力生产事故隐患分级监管,基于风险管理理论,在可能性和严重性的基础上,提出风险评价敏感性因素,建立电力生产事故隐患定性三维分级模型和风险定量分级模型。通过调研并结合专家意见以及电力企业实际,建立了电力生产事故隐患风险评估指标体系,使用层次分析法(AHP)计算了配电作业的各指标权重。参考国内现有的事故隐患分级标准,结合风险可接受准则将电力生产事故隐患风险等级划分为4级,为电力企业提供隐患风险分级标准,促进电力生产事故隐患快速分级。     

Environmental impact and health risk assessment of volatile organic compound emissions during different seasons in Beijing

Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are major contributors to air pollution. Based on the emission characteristics of 99 VOCs that daily measured at 10 am in winter from 15 December 2015 to 17 January 2016 and in summer from 21 July to 25 August 2016 in Beijing, the environmental impact and health risk of VOC were assessed. In the winter polluted days, the secondary organic aerosol formation potential (SOAP) of VOC (199.70 ± 15.05 μg/m³) was significantly higher than that on other days. And aromatics were the primary contributor (98.03%) to the SOAP during the observation period. Additionally, the result of the ozone formation potential (OFP) showed that ethylene contributed the most to OFP in winter (26.00% and 27.64% on the normal and polluted days). In summer, however, acetaldehyde was the primary contributor to OFP (22.00% and 21.61% on the normal and polluted days). Simultaneously, study showed that hazard ratios and lifetime cancer risk values of acrolein, chloroform, benzene, 1,2-dichloroethane, acetaldehyde and 1,3-butadiene exceeded the thresholds established by USEPA, thereby presenting a health risk to the residents. Besides, the ratio of toluene-to-benzene indicated that vehicle exhausts were the main source of VOC pollution in Beijing. The ratio of m-/p-xylene-to-ethylbenzene demonstrated that there were more prominent atmospheric photochemical reactions in summer than that in winter. Finally, according to the potential source contribution function (PSCF) results, compared with local pollution sources, the spread of pollution from long-distance VOCs had a greater impact on Beijing.     

Spatiotemporal variations of nitrate sources and dynamics in a typical agricultural riverine system under monsoon climate

Nitrogen pollution is a serious environmental issue in the Danjiangkou Reservoir region (DRR), the water source of the South-to-North Water Diversion Project of China. In this research, seasonal surveys and a bi-weekly time series survey were conducted in the Qihe River Basin, one of the most densely populated agricultural basins in the DRR. Hydrochemical compositions (NO₃^? and Cl^?), dual isotopes (δD-H₂O, δ¹⁸O-H₂O, δ¹⁵N-NO₃^?, and δ¹⁸O-NO₃^?), and a Markov Chain Monte Carlo isotope mixing model were jointly applied to unravel the sources, migrations, and transformations of the nitrate (NO₃^?) in the basin. It was revealed that the mixing between different sources was the main process controlling the isotopic compositions of the riverine NO₃^? in the upper-middle reaches. In contrast, denitrification occurred in the lower reaches. For the first time, the sources of NO₃^? were quantified at a basin scale in the DRR. Overall, the river transported 484.2 tons/year of NO₃-N to the reservoir, of which 32.6%, 36.4%, 28.0%, and 3.0% was from soil organic nitrogen, chemical fertilizer, residential sewage and atmospheric precipitation, respectively. The NO₃-N fluxes of the different sources were regulated by the monsoon climate and anthropogenic activities. For example, high precipitation and intense fertilization resulted in severe nonpoint source pollution. Denitrification thrived in soils and reservoirs in wet seasons. Temperature could regulate the migration, nitrification and denitrification processes. Based on the results, we suggest that the management strategies dealing with nitrogen pollution issue in the DRR should follow the specific spatiotemporal characteristics of NO₃^? sources, migration and transformation mechanisms.     

电动汽车普及对江苏冬季大气污染影响的数值模拟

为研究电动汽车普及对空气质量的影响,首先利用机动车排放计算模型MOBILE估算了在电动汽车替代50%小型载客车情景下江苏省的大气污染物排放量,并利用中尺度气象-化学模式(WRF-Chem)模拟和分析了电动车替代前后冬季污染物浓度的变化特征.结果表明,如果用电动汽车替代小型载客车,江苏省13个地级市的CO、NO_x、VOC排放量都有所降低,减排量从地区来看,苏南苏中苏北.电动汽车替代将会造成江苏地区由交通排放引起的CO浓度降低20%～35%,氮氧化物浓度降低10%～30%,减排效果总体上苏南地区好于苏中和苏北地区.交通排放对于SO_2、一次PM_(2.5)和PM_(10)的贡献小,也可能是因为清单低估了交通源对它们的贡献,因此,减排效果不明显.受NO_x影响,交通减排增加了O_3浓度.     

长江三角洲冬季电厂排放对大气污染的影响

分析了长江三角洲地区电厂排放的基本特征并利用WRF-Chem模拟冬季大气污染状况,研究了冬季电厂排放主要污染物的特征及其对空气质量的影响,结果显示,长三角电厂排放的主要大气污染物为SO₂、NO_x及PM_2.5,2010年排放量可分别达到826.8、1475.6和137.3Gg,分别占长三角地区人为源总排放量的34%、38%和14%.冬季主要大气污染物（SO₂、NO₂、PM_2.5）浓度高值区分布在南京-上海,杭州-宁波一带.电厂对SO₂浓度贡献量（率）的空间分布与SO₂排放的空间分布较为一致,而NO₂、PM_2.5,其贡献量（率）的高值区主要分布在安徽、浙江和江西的交界处以及浙江省的东海岸.相对SO₂、NO₂,电厂对PM_2.5贡献量（率）较低,各地均在20μg/m³（15%）以下.污染时期电厂排放对模拟的PM_2.5和SO₂贡献率（6.9%、34.2%）较清洁时期（4.9%、20.7%）大,而对于NO₂,清洁和污染时期的贡献量没有明显差别,均在10μg/m³左右.冬季气温低、风速小及边界层高度低的特征不利于低层污染物的扩散,易导致重污染事件的发生.     

Effect of drainage on CO2, CH4, and N2O fluxes from aquaculture ponds during winter in a subtropical estuary of China

Aquaculture ponds are dominant features of the landscape in the coastal zone of China.Generally,aquaculture ponds are drained during the non-culture period in winter.However,the effects of such drainage on the production and flux of greenhouse gases(GHGs)from aquaculture ponds are largely unknown.In the present study,field-based research was performed to compare the GHG fluxes between one drained pond(DP,with a water depth of 0.05 m)and one undrained pond(UDP,with a water depth of 1.16 m)during one winter in the Min River estuary of southeast China.Over the entire study period,the mean CO_2flux in the DP was(0.75±0.12)mmol/(m~2·hr),which was significantly higher than that in the UDP of(-0.49±0.09)mmol/(m~2·hr)(p0.01).This indicates that drainage drastically transforms aquaculture ponds from a net sink to a net source of CO_2in winter.Mean CH_4and N_2O emissions were significantly higher in the DP compared to those in the UDP(CH_4=(0.66±0.31)vs.(0.07±0.06)mmol/(m~2·hr)and N_2O=(19.54±2.08)vs.(0.01±0.04)μmol/(m~2·hr))(p0.01),suggesting that drainage would also significantly enhance CH_4and N_2O emissions.Changes in environmental variables(including sediment temperature,p H,salinity,redox status,and water depth)contributed significantly to the enhanced GHG emissions following pond drainage.Furthermore,analysis of the sustained-flux global warming and cooling potentials indicated that the combined global warming potentials of the GHG fluxes were significantly higher in the DP than in the UDP(p0.01),with values of739.18 and 26.46 mg CO_2-eq/(m~2·hr),respectively.Our findings suggested that drainage of aquaculture ponds can increase the emissions of potent GHGs from the coastal zone of China to the atmosphere during winter,further aggravating the problem of global warming.     

Kinetic study of the gas-phase reaction of O3 with three unsaturated alcohols

Rate constants for the reactions of ozone with 1-octen-3-ol, 1-nonen-3-ol and 1-nonen-4-ol have been determined at 298 ± 1 K and atmospheric pressure for the first time. The experiments were performed in a 100-L FEP Teflon film bag using absolute rate method; the rate constants were(1.91 ± 0.19) × 10~(-17),(1.89 ± 0.20) × 10~(-17), and(0.83 ± 0.08) × 10~(-17)cm~3/(molecule·sec) for 1-octen-3-ol, 1-nonen-3-ol, and 1-nonen-4-ol, respectively. The rate constants have been compared with those of unsaturated alcohols structural homologs, and used to estimate the reaction reactivity. The electronegativity of carbon–carbon double bond was calculated by atomic charges analysis. The calculated results show that the electronic effect of the lone pair electrons of hydroxyl oxygen is the main cause of the difference in rate coefficient. According to the obtained rate constants, the atmospheric lifetimes of studied unsaturated alcohols were also estimated, which indicates that the reaction with ozone is an important loss pathway in the atmosphere, especially in polluted areas.     

铜尾矿坝不同恢复年限土壤理化性质和酶活性的特征

金属矿产资源开采使尾矿坝迅速升高,矿区生态环境遭到严重破坏.土壤理化性质和酶活性是衡量生态系统功能的重要指标,可作为评价土壤恢复质量的重要因子.以山西省垣曲县十八河铜尾矿区9个尾矿子坝作为研究对象,分析不同恢复年限子坝土壤理化性质与土壤酶活性之间的关系.结果表明,不同恢复年限子坝的土壤理化性质差异较大,随着恢复年限的增加,土壤养分含量显著升高.过氧化氢酶与碳氮比显著负相关,脲酶与总氮含量和土壤含水量均显著正相关,磷酸酶和蔗糖酶与土壤理化因子之间无显著关系.土壤中铜含量随子坝恢复年限增加而逐渐累积,砷和镉含量先增加后降低,恢复后期逐渐达到稳定水平,各子坝的土壤锌含量无显著差异.为铜尾矿区的土壤生态系统恢复及退化机制的研究提供一定的生态学依据.     

处理番茄酱加工废水的活性污泥颗粒化过程

为解决新疆番茄酱加工废水排放量大、处理效果参差不齐的情况,在SBR（序批式反应器）中接种絮体污泥,以人工合成番茄酱加工废水为基质成功培养出粒径为0.50~1.61 mm的好氧颗粒污泥,并采用扫描电镜、三维荧光光谱（3D EEM）、激光共聚焦（CLSM）、死活细菌染色以及高通量测序等技术表征活性污泥的颗粒化过程.结果表明,颗粒污泥沉降性能良好,COD_Cr、NH₄+-N、PO₄3--P的平均去除率分别为90%、85%、45%.扫描电镜下,椭球状的颗粒污泥轮廓清晰,结构密实.蛋白质在颗粒化过程中逐渐增加,α-多糖、β-多糖和蛋白质贯穿整个颗粒截面,在颗粒中分布广泛,构成了颗粒的骨架.颗粒内部的孔隙为溶解氧和营养物质传递提供了条件,因此活细菌则更多地靠近颗粒边缘及内部的孔隙周围,并包裹着死细菌.颗粒化过程中,微生物的丰富度和均匀性逐渐上升,物种多样性也不断变化,Chao1指数先由515.26降至444.30后又增至526.72,Shannon-Wiener指数由2.81增至5.45.优势降解菌拟杆菌和变形菌相对丰度不断发生变化,拟杆菌由8.85%增至45.95%,而变形菌由78.17%逐渐减至36.66%.研究显示,不同的细菌种群之间的相互作用对有机物的降解以及反应体系的稳定起到重要的作用.