Pollutants removal and simulation model of combined membrane process forwastewater treatment and reuse in submarine cabin for long voyage

A laboratory scale test was conducted in a combined membrane process (CMP) with a capacity of 2.91 m3/d for 240 d totreat the mixed wastewater of humidity condensate, hygiene wastewater and urine in submarine cabin during prolonged voyage.Removal performance of chemical oxygen demand (COD), ammonia nitrogen (NH4+-N), turbidity and anionic surfactants (LAS)was investigated under di erent conditions. It was observed that the e uent COD, NH4+-N, turbidity and LAS flocculated in ranges of0.19–0.85 mg/L, 0.03–0.18 mg/L, 0.0–0.15 NTU and 0.0–0.05 mg/L, respectively in spite of considerable fluctuation in correspondinginfluent of 2120–5350 mg/L, 79.5–129.3 mg/L, 110–181.1NTU and 4.9–5.4 mg/L. The e uent quality of the CMP could meet therequirements of mechanical water and hygiene water according to the class I water quality standards in China (GB3838-2002). Theremoval rates of COD, NH4+-N, turbidity and LAS removed in the MBR were more than 90%, which indicated that biodegradationis indispensable and plays a major role in the wastewater treatment and reuse. A model, built on the back propagation neural network(BPNN) theory, was developed for the simulation of CMP and produced high reliability. The average error of COD and NH4+-N was5.14% and 6.20%, respectively, and the root mean squared error of turbidity and LAS was 2.76% and 1.41%, respectively. The resultsindicated that the model well fitted the laboratory data, and was able to simulate the removal of COD, NH4+-N, turbidity and LAS. Italso suggested that the model proposed could reflect and manage the operation of CMP for the treatment of the mixed wastewaters insubmarine.     

中国人为源颗粒物排放现状与趋势分析

利用排放因子法,基于电力、工业、民用、交通等部门的活动水平和排放因子,建立了2000年和2005年中国分省、分部门、分粒径的颗粒物（PM）排放清单.利用情景分析法,基于能源预测,分析了在不同颗粒物控制方案下2010～2030年中国颗粒物的排放趋势.结果表明,我国2005年的总悬浮颗粒物（TSP）、可吸入颗粒物（PM₁₀）和细颗粒物（PM_2.5）的排放量分别是29.98、15.30和9.79 Mt, 2000～2005年间的排放增长率分别是3.4%、4.7%和5.4%.在现有政策情景下,我国2030年TSP和PM_2.5的排放量分别是23.06和10.59 Mt,工业锅炉成为最大的颗粒物排放源.通过提高能源利用效率,2030年可在基准情景基础上TSP和PM_2.5分别减排15%和16%;通过增大执法力度,2015年可再减排25%的TSP和10%的PM_2.5排放,之后通过加严排放标准,推广高效除尘装置的应用,2030年TSP和PM_2.5可再减排21%和19%,其排放量分别达到13.81和6.88 Mt.颗粒物的综合控制措施应覆盖电厂、工业、民用等各个领域,从提高能效、保证执法、强化政策3个方面着手.     

HRT对瓷粒BAF处理生活污水效能的影响

通过实验室模型试验研究了瓷粒曝气生物滤池处理生活污水的效能,分析了在气水比一定的条件下,水力停留时间(HRT)变化对曝气生物滤池处理效能及运行特性的影响规律。考察了不同HRT运行下,COD、NH4+-N、NO2--N、NO3--N、TN、SS等指标的变化,结果表明,当进水COD为280～320mg/L,气水比为3:1,HRT为10h的条件下,处理效果最好,其中COD、NH4+-N、TN、SS的平均去除率分别为92.6%、97.8%、34.7%、84.2%。当HRT逐渐降低时,以上指标的去除效果都有所下降,但去除效能的下降与HRT的降低不呈线性关系。当HRT降至3h,去除效能有一定程度的上升,COD、NH4+-N、TN、SS的去除率有所增加。     

高浓度钻井废泥浆处理工艺的试验研究

为实现钻井泥浆无害化处理,提出了酸化破胶-固液分离-催化氧化-微生物降解的处理方法,并采用钻井现场废泥浆进行了系列试验研究。结果表明:泥浆密度调节为1.15 kg/dm3,酸化pH≤3,固液分离效果最佳;过滤分离后固相浸毒液达到国家排放标准;液相经Fenton氧化、微生物降解后,COD将降低到110 mg/L以下。该方法运行成本低,处理彻底无隐患,为进一步工业化试验奠定了基础。     

砒霜生产化工厂危险废物处置工程设计

通过对砒霜生产化工厂原场址废渣及污染场地调查的基础上,进行了处置方案比选及技术经济比较,确定了就地安全填埋的处置方案。根据区域性危险废物集中安全填埋场的设计经验,本工程采用先进的HDPE双层防渗的安全填埋方式,并设置了雨水分流系统、渗滤液收集系统、封场处理和填埋气体导排系统,整个场区布置合理,对周围环境的影响小,投资少,取得了良好的社会效益和环境效益,并对危险废物处理处置工程设计中应注意的问题提出了建议。     

A performance evaluation of the National Air Quality Forecast Capability for the summer of 2007

This paper provides a performance evaluation of the real-time, CONUS-scale National Air Quality Forecast Capability (NAQFC) that supported, in part, its transition into operational status. This evaluation focuses primarily on discrete forecasts for the maximum 8-h O₃ concentrations covering the 4-month period, June through September, 2007, using measurements obtained from EPA's AIRNow network. Results indicate that the 2007 NAQFC performed as well or better than previous configurations, despite the expansion of the forecast domain into the western half of the nation that is dominated by complex terrain. The mean, domain-wide, season-long correlation was 0.70. When examined over time, the domain-wide correlations exhibit a fairly consistent nature, with values exceeding 0.60 (0.70) over 90% (55%) of the days. The NAQFC systematically over-predicted the 8-h O₃ concentrations, continuing a trend established by earlier NAQFC configurations, though to a lesser degree. The summer-long mean forecast value of 53.2 ppb was 4.2 ppb higher than the observed value, resulting in a domain-wide Normalized Mean Bias (NMB) of 8.7%. Most of the over-prediction is associated with observed concentrations less than 50 ppb. In fact the model tends to under-predict when concentrations exceed 70 ppb. As with the bias, the error associated with the latest configuration was also lower. The summer-long Root Mean Square Error of 13.0 ppb (Normalized Mean Error (NME) = 20.4%) represented marked improvements over earlier forecasts. Examination of the spatial distribution of both the NMB and NME reveals that the NAQFC was generally within 25% for the NME and 25% for the NMB over a majority of the domain. Several areas of poorer performance, where the NMB and NME often exceed 25% and in some cases 50%, were noted. These areas include southern California, where the NAQFC tended to under-predict concentrations (especially on weekends) and the southeast Atlantic and Gulf coasts regions, where the model over-predicted. Subsequent analysis revealed that the incorrect temporal allocation of precursor emissions was likely the source of the under-prediction in southern California, while inaccurate simulation of PBL heights likely contributed to the over-prediction in the coastal regions.     

颗粒化序列间歇式活性污泥反应器工艺处理化粪池污水

在序列间歇式活性污泥反应器(SBR)中成功培养出适应化粪池污水水质的好氧颗粒污泥.并将其应用于化粪池污水的处理.在好氧颗粒污泥培养的第15天左右,SBR中开始出现细小的颗粒,然后微生物在其上繁殖生长使颗粒逐渐增大而成熟;在第24天时,SBR中絮状活性污泥已基本实现了颗粒化.培养出的好氧颗粒污泥对化粪池污水有稳定的处理效果,在进水完全为化粪池污水时,COD、NH_4~+-N、TN的平均去除率分别为77%、61%、47%.但是,由于化粪池污水COD较低,因此无法维持较高的生物量,在后期的稳定运行过程中MLSS始终维持在2 500 mg/L左右.好氧颗粒污泥的同步硝化反硝化作用是其稳定脱氮的保证.     

浙江省酸雨的空间分布格局及其未来变化趋势预测

利用浙江省1992、2002年的酸雨监测数据,并利用RAINS-ASIA模型模拟了1990-2030年浙江省酸雨前体物(SO2)的排放量,以及酸沉降超临界负荷面积占研究区域面积比例的变化情况.结果表明,浙江省的酸雨分布范围不断扩大、危害程度不断加重;未来一个时期内,SO2排放量都会维持在较高的水平;酸沉降超临界负荷面积所占比例在经历较快的增长阶段之后,会维持在较为恒定的水平,并呈现出明显的时滞性.     

县域跨界水污染补偿机制在嘉兴市的探索

嘉兴市构建的县域跨界水污染补偿机制,不仅是一项流域水污染防治制度刨新,而且是浙江省跨行政区水污染补偿政策的重要支撑和有力保障.通过对大量数据的统计分析,提出了3种补偿标准,并运用跨界水污染补偿模型,模拟测算了2个市级断面和2个县级断面的补偿额.模拟测算结果不但能描绘出县域跨界水污染的现状,而且能够明确补偿对象和补偿额,对流域水质根本改善具有重要意义.     

太湖蓝藻水华的遥感监测研究

随着太湖蓝藻水华的日益严重,实现藻类的时空动态监测成为湖泊水质保护亟待解决的问题.利用遥感技术可以快速、直观地获取整个水域水质的时空变化情况,为实现藻类的动态监测提供了有效的途径.在太湖蓝藻水华遥感监测研究结果的基础上,总结分析了现有研究中所使用的遥感数据源、遥感监测方法以及遥感反演的水质参数,讨论了现有研究中存在的问题,并对将来的发展趋势进行了展望.