石油类污染地下水中挥发性有机物低温生物降解性能的研究

针对地下水石油类污染的问题,从某污染场地土壤中筛选驯化出了适用于处理挥发性有机物的3株低温高效降解菌,并以苯和萘作为特征组分考察了pH、DO、温度、氮磷等因素对降解效果的影响;实验结果表明,在8℃左右的地下环境中,DO和氮磷的含量对污染物的降解影响较大;在pH 7.5、DO＞4 mg/L和投加氮磷的条件下,18 d内降...     

Assessment of trace metal distribution and contamination in surface soils of Hong Kong

An intensive investigation was conducted to study the distribution of trace metals in surface soils of Hong Kong and to assess the soil environmental quality. From results of cluster analysis, and comparisons among soil types and areas, it is clearly shown that increases in trace metal concentrations in the soils were generally extensive and obvious in urban and orchard soils, less so in vegetable soils, whilst rural and forest soils were subjected to the least impact of anthropogenic sources of trace metals. However, some of the forest soils also contained elevated levels of As, Cu, and Pb. Urban soils in Hong Kong were heavily polluted by Pb from gasoline combustion. Agricultural soils, both orchard and vegetable soils, usually accumulated As, Cd, Cu, and Zn originating from applications of pesticides, animal manures, and fertilizers. In general, trace metal pollution in soils of the industrial areas and Pb pollution in the soils of the commercial and residential areas were obvious.     

Occurrence and treatment trials of endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) in wastewaters

This study demonstrates that both synthetic and natural endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) (e.g., bisphenol A, estrone and 17beta-estradiol) were found in the crude wastewaters from two wastewater treatment works (WwTWs). Conventional biological processes can lower EDCs concentrations to several tens to hundreds ngl(-1). Since natural EDCs (e.g., estrone and 17beta-estradiol) have biological activity and adverse impact on the environment at extremely low concentrations (several tens of ngl(-1)), further treatment after conventional biological processes is required. Preliminary trials with ferrate(VI) and electrochemical oxidation process demonstrated that both processes can effectively reduce EDCs to very low levels, ranging between 10 and 100ngl(-1), but the former is more effective than the latter to reduce COD concentration in wastewater for given studying conditions.     

滦河水体溶解性有机物的综合分级表征及其混凝去除过程

天然水体溶解性有机物(DOM)是微污染物的潜在载体,是消毒副产物的主要前驱物,自身又可能成为微污染物,因此研究其内在特性和去除机理有着重要的基础性科学意义.本研究综合利用化学、物理分级方法(即树脂和超滤分级法),对中国北方典型饮用水源--滦河水体的DOM进行全面分级表征.此水体DOM基本化学分级特征是憎水酸(HoA)、亲水性物质(HiM)含量较高,且具有季节稳定性;其物理分级特征是分子量＜1 kDa及3 kDa～10 kDa的组分含量较高,也表现出一定的时间稳定性.选用工业聚合铝(PAC)研究此DOM的基本混凝特征和内在混凝机理,结果表明,强憎水部分HoA及3 kDa～10 kDa间的有机物较易被去除,而较大分子量范围10 kDa～30 kDa间的有机物去除率较低,说明混凝过程中此DOM的物理性质不起主要作用,而化学性质更为重要.特别对DOM各组分作进一步(结合)分级研究,发现HoA主要在＞10 kDa范围.＜1 kDa的有机物中主要为HiM,但其中还含有HoA和弱憎水酸(WHoA),这使特定条件下部分＜1 kDa有机物被混凝去除成为可能.另外,HoA中按分子量大小仍可分为易去除和难去除部分,但分布不连续,易去除部分在3 kDa～10 kDa和＞30 kDa区间,而其10 kDa～30 kDa部分较难去除,说明可能存在其他结构性影响因素,值得深入研究.     

制备方法对MgAl水滑石衍生氧化物负载钯催化剂丙烷完全氧化活性的影响

以沉积沉淀法(DP)、浸渍法(IM)和共沉淀法(CP)制备MgAl水滑石衍生氧化物负载钯催化剂,用ICP、XRD、SEM、TEM、EDS、TPR以及比表面测定等手段对催化剂进行了表征.ICP和XRD数据表明用上述3种方法均可成功制备水滑石为前体载钯催化剂.SEM、TEM、EDS数据表明不同方法制备的样品具有不同的形貌以及钯在其中的分散度.综合各类表征数据可知Pd在催化剂中暴露的活性位是影响其活性的主要因素.     

ASBBR处理超高盐榨菜腌制废水

研究以超高盐榨菜腌制废水为对象,考察填料种类、负荷和温度对ASBBR启动及处理效能的影响。研究结果表明,在温度为30℃,盐度为7%（NaCl计）,负荷为1 kg COD/（m³·d）的条件下,采用聚氨酯泡沫填料的反应器经67 d可成功构建超高盐榨菜腌制废水厌氧生物处理系统,较未设置填料、投加半软性组合填料、球形组合填料和聚苯乙烯泡沫填料的反应器分别缩短了26、6、24和18 d,且运行至第79天,可使出水COD降至375 mg/L,COD去除率为92.86%;通过对负荷的阶段逐步提高,可提升反应器有机负荷至15 kg COD/（m³·d）,使进水COD为（27 000±2 000）mg/L的超高盐废水,出水COD均值降至2 200 mg/L ,平均去除率达到92.03%;温度对反应器处理效能影响显著,温度分别为30、25、20、15和10℃时,反应器COD去除率分别为92.63%、84.07%、67.13%、54.61%和44.19%。     

前处理残余铝对曝气池活性污泥的影响规律研究

从活性污泥的絮凝特点、有机物与 NH 4-N 的微生物代谢过程等方面探讨前处理残余铝对曝气池活性污泥的影响规律.结果显示,随着进水Al3 浓度的不断增加,污泥瞬时沉降速度明显增加,而对污泥沉降比影响不大.Al3 对COD去除率基本上没有影响,而对废水中 NH 4-N 氧化过程的影响却非常明显,随着活性污泥中Al3 的逐渐增加, NH 4-N 去除率出现了先升后降的变化趋势. NH 4-N 去除率下降的趋势与Al3 对微生物细胞膜电解质透性的影响规律呈负相关关系,说明Al3 对氨氧化微生物种群的干扰作用最强.     

炭素焙烧沥青烟气治理

采用生石灰吸附袋式除尘法治理炭素焙烧窑沥青烟气 ,具有很好的效果。治理前烟尘 114 8.7mg/ Nm3,沥青烟 480 .5mg/ Nm3,苯并 (a)芘 3 .462 mg/ Nm3;治理后烟尘 12 .8mg/ Nm3,沥青烟 11.0 mg/ Nm3,苯并 (a)芘 3 .0× 10 - 4m g/ Nm3。从运行效果来看 ,烟气的充分冷却和选用生石灰做吸附剂是治理成功的关键。     

酸解破乳作用处理高含固率洗毛废水的研究

洗毛废水是一种高浓度有机废水,含固率高,主要成分是羊毛脂、羧酸盐和土杂,由于强极性物质的存在和胶体强的负电性,导致洗毛废水形成稳定的乳化体系.本试验通过加入硫酸改变洗毛废水的有机组成,降低体系的Zeta电位,破坏体系的稳定性,从而使得有机物发生凝聚沉降,达到去除COD的目的.硫酸加入量达到0.2%或以上时对洗毛废水中SS的自然沉降性、絮凝性和极性有很大影响,比阻从远大于9.81×1013m/kg,下降为5.54×1010m/kg,COD去除率达到86.8%,SS去除率达到98%.因此,洗毛废水加酸处理后通过机械脱水,实现固液分离,以降低原废水的色度和大幅降低COD的方式,是可供考虑的处理工艺.     

Cyanide Removal by Chinese Vegetation. Quantification of the Michaelis-Menten Kinetics (6 pp)

Background Little is known about metabolism rates of environmental chemicals by vegetation. A good model compound to study the variation of rates among plant species is cyanide. Vascular plants possess an enzyme system that detoxifies cyanide by converting it to the amino acid asparagine. Knowledge of the kinetic parameters, the half-saturation constant (Km) and the maximum metabolic capacity (vmax), is very useful for enzyme characterization and biochemical purposes. The goal of this study is to find the enzyme kinetics (KM and vmax) during cyanide metabolism in the presence of Chinese vegetation, to provide quantitative data for engineered phytoremediation, and to investigate the variation of metabolic rates of plants. Methods Detached leaves (1.0 g fresh weight) from 12 species out of 9 families were kept in glass vessels with 100 mL of aqueous solution spiked with potassium cyanide at 23°C for 28 h. Four different treatment concentrations of cyanide were used, ranging from 0.44 to 7.69 mg CN/L. The disappearance of cyanide from the aqueous solution was analyzed spectrophotometrically. Realistic values of the half-saturation constant (KM) and the maximum metabolic capacity (vmax) were estimated by a computer program using non-linear regression treatments. As a comparison, Lineweaver-Burk plots were also used to estimate the kinetic parameters. Results and Discussion The values obtained for KM and vmax varied with plant species. Using non-linear regression treatments, values of vmax and KM were found in a range between 6.68 and 21.91 mg CN/kg/h and 0.90 to 3.15 mg CN/L, respectively. The highest vmax was by Chinese elder (Sambucus chinensis), followed by upright hedge-parsley (Torilis japonica). The lowest vmax was demonstrated by the hybrid willow (Salix matssudana x alba). However, the highest KM was found in the water lily (Nymphea teragona), followed by the poplar (Populus deltoides Marsh). The lowest KM was demonstrated by corn (Zea mays L.). The values of vmax were normally distributed with a mean of 13 mg CN/kg/h. Conclusions Significant removal of cyanide from aqueous solution was observed in the presence of plant materials without phytotoxicity, even at high doses of cyanide. This gives rise to the conclusion that the Chinese plant species used in this study are all able to efficiently metabolize cyanide, although with different maximum metabolic capacities. A second conclusion is that the variation of metabolism rates between species is small. All these plants had a similar KM, indicating the same enzyme is active in all plants. Recommendations and Outlook Detoxification of cyanide with trees seems to be a feasible option for cleaning soils and water contaminated with cyanide. For phytoremediation projects, screening appropriate plant species adapted to local conditions should be seriously considered. More chemicals should be investigated to find common principles of the metabolism of environmental chemicals by plants.