Distribution of aromatic amines,phenols, chlorobenzenes,and naphthalenes in the surface sediment of the Dianchi Lake,China

• The total organic pollutant concentrations in sediment were 27.4-1620 ng/g. • The phenol concentrations were relatively high in the sediment of the Dianchi Lake. • Average total concentrations decreased as follows: Caohai>Waihai>Haigeng Dam. • 1,4-dichlorobenzene, 3- or 4-methylphenol, 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene might be risks. Organic pollutants are widespread environmental pollutants with high toxicity, persistence, and bioaccumulation. Our aim was to investigate the distribution of aromatic amines, phenols, chlorobenzenes, and naphthalenes in the surface sediment of the Dianchi Lake, China. Nineteen surface sediment samples were collected from the Dianchi Lake, and 40 types of organic pollutants were analyzed via gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. The total organic pollutant concentrations in the surface sediment of the Dianchi Lake varied from 27.4 to 1.62 × 10³ ng/g. The concentrations of phenols were much higher than those in other water bodies but still within a controllable range, whereas the concentrations of the other organic pollutant classes were similar or even lower. The detection ratio of 3- or 4-methylphenol was the highest (100.00%) among the pollutants. The average total organic pollutant concentrations decreased in the following order: Caohai (540 ng/g)>the middle of Waihai (488 ng/g)>the edge of Waihai (351 ng/g)>Haigeng Dam (90.4 ng/g). Pearson analysis showed a strong correlation among 1-methylnaphthalene, 2-methylnaphthalene, 1,3-dinitronaphthalene, and 1,4-dinitronaphthalene (p<0.01). Caohai, the north lakeshore of Waihai and the south of Waihai showed higher risk because of high concentration; meanwhile, 1,4-dichlorobenzene, 3- or 4-methylphenol and 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene were more likely to cause risks.     

Characterization of Cd-, Pb-, Zn-resistant endophytic Lasiodiplodia sp. MXSF31 from metal accumulating Portulaca oleracea and its potential in promoting the growth of rape in metal-contaminated soils

The aim of this study was to characterize the features of a Cd-, Pb-, and Zn-resistant endophytic fungus Lasiodiplodia sp. MXSF31 and to investigate the potential of MXSF31 to remove metals from contaminated water and soils. The endophytic fungus was isolated from the stem of Portulaca oleracea growing in metal-contaminated soils. The maximum biosorption capacities of MXSF31 were 3.0?×?10³, 1.1?×?10⁴, and 1.3?×?10⁴ mg kg^?1 for Cd, Pb, and Zn, respectively. The biosorption processes of Cd, Pb, and Zn by MXSF31 were well characterized with the pseudo-second-order kinetic model. The biosorption isotherm processes of Pb and Zn by the fungus were fitted better with the Langmuir model, while the biosorption processes of Cd was better fitted with the Freundlich model. The biosorption process of MXSF31 was attributed to the functional groups of hydroxyl, amino, carbonyl, and benzene ring on the cell wall. The active biomass of the strain removed more Cd, Pb, and Zn (4.6?×?10⁴, 5.6?×?10⁵, and 7.0?×?10⁴ mg kg^?1, respectively) than the dead biomass. The inoculation of MXSF31 increased the biomass of rape (Brassica napus L.), the translocation factor of Cd, and the extraction amount of Cd by rape in the Cd?+?Pb-contaminated soils. The results indicated that the endophytic fungus strain had the potential to remove heavy metals from water and soils contaminated by multiple heavy metals, and plants accumulating multiple metals might harbor diverse fungi suitable for bioremediation of contaminated media.     

响应面法优化袋式除尘器脉冲清灰性能

基于计算流体动力学的方法采用三维、可压缩、非稳态流动数学模型对袋式除尘器脉冲清灰过程进行了数值模拟,得到了滤袋内外压差,并与文献实验值进行了比较,验证了仿真模型的可靠性。基于响应面法研究了喷吹压力、喷吹高度、滤袋直径和滤袋长度对脉冲清灰性能的影响,得到这4个影响因子的二次多项式预测模型,并进行优化。结果表明,喷吹压力为0.3 MPa,喷吹高度为0.2 m,滤袋直径为0.16 m,滤袋长度为6 m时,内外压差峰值最优,优化结果与仿真模拟结果相差小于3%。研究结果为袋式除尘器脉冲清灰系统的设计与优化提供了重要参考。     

Surfactant effect on persistence of oxadiazolyl 3(2H)-pyridazinones against Pseudaletia separata walker

The photodynamic decomposition of two new insect-growth inhibitors (IGRs), 2-tert-butyl-5-[5′-aryl-2′-(1′,3′,4′-oxadiazolyl)methoxy]-3(2H)-pyridazinones (OPB) and its 4-chloro substituted derivative (OPC), and effect of surfactants on persistence of their bioactivity were taken into investigation. Both chemicals were significantly induced to photolysis by ultraviolet light at 365 nm wavelength and their inhibitory activities against Pseudaletia separata larvae decreased with the increasing irradiation time. However, irradiation at 254 nm wavelength didn't cause their photodegradation. Triton X-100 and Succinic-sulfonie acidic sodium but not Tween 60 possessed strong capability to slow down the decomposition and obviously prolonged the half life of OPC in laboratory and field whilst effects of the three surfactants almost did not preserve the inhibitory activity of OPB. Data suggested that electron-withdrawing halogen (?Cl) on the π electron system in planar benzene-oxadialyl structures might reduce the efficiency of OPC on ultraviolet (UV) photoabsorption, and its hydrophobic interaction with the surfactants might be beneficial for forming stable micellar solubilization, thus sustaining the chemical's bioactivity.     

钢铁行业氮氧化物控制技术及对策

根据2007年第一次全国污染源普查数据,钢铁行业氮氧化物排放量已达81.74万t,约占全国总排放量的4.55％,是继火力发电、机动车、水泥工业后第四大氮氧化物排放源.针对中国重要氮氧化物来源——钢铁工业的氮氧化物生成机制,排放节点及特征,国内外控制技术现状开展综述研究.研究表明,钢铁工业中的氮氧化物的产生以高温型为主.烧结、焦化、炼铁、炼钢、轧钢等过程为主要的氮氧化物排放源.收集并整理了国外在钢铁各工序上的主要氮氧化物控制技术及其在国内的应用状况.在回顾中国钢铁大气污染物控制历程的基础上,提出了中国钢铁行业氮氧化物控制的对策建议.     

Nitrogen nutrition in cotton and control strategies for greenhouse gas emissions: a review

Cotton (Gossypium hirustum L.) is grown globally as a major source of natural fiber. Nitrogen (N) management is cumbersome in cotton production systems; it has more impacts on yield, maturity, and lint quality of a cotton crop than other primary plant nutrient. Application and production of N fertilizers consume large amounts of energy, and excess application can cause environmental concerns, i.e., nitrate in ground water, and the production of nitrous oxide a highly potent greenhouse gas (GHG) to the atmosphere, which is a global concern. Therefore, improving nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) of cotton plant is critical in this context. Slow-release fertilizers (e.g., polymer-coated urea) have the potential to increase cotton yield and reduce environmental pollution due to more efficient use of nutrients. Limited literature is available on the mitigation of GHG emissions for cotton production. Therefore, this review focuses on the role of N fertilization, in cotton growth and GHG emission management strategies, and will assess, justify, and organize the researchable priorities. Nitrate and ammonium nitrogen are essential nutrients for successful crop production. Ammonia (NH₃) is a central intermediate in plant N metabolism. NH₃ is assimilated in cotton by the mediation of glutamine synthetase, glutamine (z-) oxoglutarate amino-transferase enzyme systems in two steps: the first step requires adenosine triphosphate (ATP) to add NH₃ to glutamate to form glutamine (Gln), and the second step transfers the NH₃ from glutamine (Gln) to α-ketoglutarate to form two glutamates. Once NH₃ has been incorporated into glutamate, it can be transferred to other carbon skeletons by various transaminases to form additional amino acids. The glutamate and glutamine formed can rapidly be used for the synthesis of low-molecular-weight organic N compounds (LMWONCs) such as amides, amino acids, ureides, amines, and peptides that are further synthesized into high-molecular-weight organic N compounds (HMWONCs) such as proteins and nucleic acids.     

巢湖入湖河流沉积物中有机磷的形态分级研究

为识别巢湖流域污染物的特征、来源及其沉积物有机磷各形态分布与富营养化的关系,测定了7条巢湖入湖河流沉积物中有机磷各形态的含量,分析不同污染类型人湖河流沉积物中有机磷各形态分布的差异及与其他因素间的相关性。研究发现,不同污染类型人湖河流沉积物中水土保持控制型河流沉积物中有机磷各组分的相对含量顺序为残渣态Po〉富里酸-Po〉HCl-Po〉胡敏酸-Po〉NaHCO3-Po,平均的相对比例为7．5：3．1：1．9：1．5：1．0,而城市污染控制型和面源污染控制型河流沉积物中有机磷各组分的相对含量顺序恰好相同,面源污染控制型河流沉积物Po各形态含量低于城市污染控制型和水土保持控制型河流。中活性P。和OM、TP、Pi、Po、TN、NaHCO3-Pi、NaOH—Pi呈正相关,非活性Po与Po、NaOH-Pi呈显著正相关关系,反映了中活性Po很容易转化为生物可利用磷和非活性Po,且非活性Po仍然具有潜在的生物活性。     

分类前后苏州市生活垃圾管理的环境效益比较

为系统认识生活垃圾分类对城市环境效益的提升,基于2017~2021年苏州市推行分类前后生活垃圾的处置数据,核算整个收运-处置过程的环境影响潜值,预测苏州市到2035年生活垃圾全过程管理的环境效益. 苏州市自2019年底全面实施生活垃圾分类后,单位质量生活垃圾的环境影响潜值（以PET₂₀₀₀计,下同）由2017年的2.34×10^-13 t^-1降至2021年的1.91×10^-13 t^-1,降幅18.38%,分类可改善生活垃圾全过程管理的环境效益. 以苏州市2021年生活垃圾清运情况为基准,设定不同前端分类效果-后端分质处置规模情景测算,发现生活垃圾前端分类效果梯度提升且末端分质处置能力相应配套后环境效益进一步提升,厨余垃圾分出率和纯度分别提高至40%和95%且实现“垃圾零填埋”的规划处置能力情景下,单位质量垃圾环境影响潜值和碳排放总量较2021年实际情况分别减少23.96%和30.73%. 建立基于苏州市人口规模及经济发展水平的线性模型,预计到2035年苏州市的生活垃圾清运量达696.50万t. 在苏州市生活垃圾前端分类不断改善及环境卫生持续优化的背景下,基于苏州市末端处置能力现状,至2035年分类效果提高后单位质量生活垃圾环境影响潜值为1.54×10^-13 t^-1,总环境影响潜值1.05×10^-6,碳排放总量达到380.17万t;在垃圾末端分质处置规模扩大、原生生活垃圾“零填埋”、厨余垃圾充分资源化的理想情景下,2035年单位质量生活垃圾环境影响潜值为1.28×10^-13t^-1,总环境影响潜值和碳排放总量分别为8.69×10^-7和322.57万t,分别较2021年实际情况减少约5.65%和1.23%. 统筹推进分类收运和分质处置的协同,能更好地控制生活垃圾管理过程的潜在环境影响和碳排放.     

基于土地利用变化的小江流域非点源污染特征

选取三峡库区典型支流——小江流域为研究对象,以GIS软件为分析工具,在L-THIA模型的基础上,分析小江流域非点源污染物负荷量随土地利用方式改变而产生的时空变化特征. 结果表明:2007年小江流域非点源污染物TN和TP总负荷量分别为5 563.11和1 550.65 t,其中旱地的污染物负荷量最大,TN和TP负荷量分别达到4 633.43和1 368.96 t,占总负荷量的83.29%和88.29%;从空间分布上看,非点源污染主要集中在旱地较多的东河流域和南河流域;而从时间分布上看,随着旱地面积的大幅增加,1995—2007年小江流域污染物负荷量明显增加.