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Peter G. Ashton James B. Pickens Coryell Ohlander Bruce Benninghoff 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》1980,16(4):738-744
ABSTRACT: Decisionmaking associated with the Nation's 1.7 billion acres of forest and range land has become increasingly complicated because of the rise in competition for resource use and in the awareness of environmental and social effects. This system analysis approach uses four models to synthesize pertinent masses of information into measures of economic, environmental, and social impacts. The system results can be used to help evaluate alternative national programs. The models are:
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Jim DiPeso 《环境质量管理》2004,13(4):101-107
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Current political conditions, primarily budgetary uncertainty, and the related reluctance to make funding commitments for
future generations, have raised questions about the costs of conservation and environmental protection that have not previously
been asked. As Federal investments are scrutinized and budgets become ever more constrained, the costs associated with environmental
requirements could begin to be of greater importance and to influence decisions on Federal projects. In response to concerns
about the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (Corps) spending under the Endangered Species Act (P.L. 93-205) (ESA), a limited investigation
was performed to determine the accuracy of reported Corps expenditures. The investigation showed that, for particular groups
of species, actual conservation costs for threatened and endangered species may be twice the amounts previously reported in
the annual ESA expenditure reporting to the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. In light of this finding, the Corps has sought
a means to provide more accurate and consistent reporting of expenditures for addressing threatened and endangered species.
A Species Costs Template (template) has been developed to identify the types and magnitude of costs related to the ESA and
to counteract the impediments (legal, institutional, and practical) to underreporting costs. The template will be used by
the Corps for reporting ESA costs beginning with Fiscal Year 2005 (FY05) (reported in January 2006). Five broad categories
of expenditures (effects determination costs, ESA protection and conservation costs, equipment costs, opportunity costs, and
other species costs) are identified by the template. 相似文献
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