Effects of different sludge disintegration methods on sludge moisture distribution and dewatering performance

A key step in sludge treatment is sludge dewatering. However, activated sludge is generally very difficult to be dewatered. Sludge dewatering performance is largely affected by the sludge moisture distribution. Sludge disintegration can destroy the sludge structure and cell wall, so as change the sludge floc structure and moisture distribution, thus affecting the dewatering performance of sludge. In this article, the disintegration methods were ultrasound treatment, K₂FeO₄ oxidation and KMnO₄ oxidation. The degree of disintegration (DD_COD), sludge moisture distribution and the final water content of sludge cake after centrifuging were measured. Results showed that three disintegration methods were all effective, and K₂FeO₄ oxidation was more efficient than KMnO₄ oxidation. The content of free water increased obviously with K₂FeO₄ and KMnO₄ oxidations, while it decreased with ultrasound treatment. The changes of free water and interstitial water were in the opposite trend. The content of bounding water decreased with K₂FeO₄ oxidation, and increased slightly with KMnO₄ oxidation, while it increased obviously with ultrasound treatment. The water content of sludge cake after centrifuging decreased with K₂FeO₄ oxidation, and did not changed with KMnO₄ oxidation, but increased obviously with ultrasound treatment. In summary, ultrasound treatment deteriorated the sludge dewaterability, while K₂FeO₄ and KMnO₄ oxidation improved the sludge dewaterability.     

扰动强度对菹草浸泡过程中氮磷碳释放的影响

以在北京前海采集的菹草（Potamogeton crispus）为实验材料,研究了在不同扰动强度下菹草残体浸泡过程中氮磷及高锰酸盐指数（PI）的释放特征和规律.结果表明,扰动可以加快菹草中总磷（TP）和PI的释放,在240 h的高强度扰动下,水中的氨氮（NH 4^＋-N）和总氮（TN）出现了显著（ANOVA,p〈0.0...     

国内外学者对公众参与环境保护问题的研究进展

保护环境是我国的基本国策,而对公众参与的研究这一环境保护中的重要工作,在我国起步较晚,文章通过比较国内外学者对公众参与环境保护问题的研究进展,从参与者的行为入手,得出我国公众参与存在的问题。     

江苏省城市生活垃圾特征分析

在调查收集了大量资料的基础上,从地级市、县、中心镇三个层次分析了江苏省城市生活垃圾的产量、组分及物理特征.提出,江苏省城市生活垃圾产量与城市人口、居民生活水平、燃料结构等有关,增长幅度在3%～14%之间;各城市生活垃圾组分变化较大,总的来看灰渣含量均呈降低趋势,苏南地区厨余、纸类及塑料含量明显高于苏中和苏北;生活垃圾的热值逐年上升,含水量基本保持稳定,容重呈下降趋势.这些结论都为控制垃圾产生、实现资源回收利用及确定其处理方式等提供了依据.     

四川黄龙沟天然水中的深源CO_2与大规模的钙华沉积

在有大规模钙华沉积的四川黄龙沟中,使用化学成分数据以及碳氧稳定同位素组成对其水文地球化学特征进行了分析研究。研究区钙华沉积的地表溪流水质基本上受到两种水混合的制约,即断层泉水和山区的融雪(冰)水。泉水中含有高浓度的经由断层提供的CO2,结果高浓度的溶解CO2使得其溶解的碳酸盐岩比普通的岩溶泉溶解的碳酸盐岩高得多,同时也导致硅酸盐岩的溶解。黄龙沟中上游的泉水相对于方解石接近于平衡。溶解无机碳(DIC)的浓度和它们的δ13C值是大约由c=0.02mol·L1δ13C=-3‰的CO2(aq)与含有δ13C=+3‰的碳酸盐岩在封闭系统条件下反应的结果。估计这些CO2中约有70%来自上地幔。所有泉水的水化学数据均落在高岭石稳定域内,但对Na长石和Ca长石具有侵蚀性。由于这些长石矿物的溶解速率太慢,所以水中的化学成分远离长石稳定域。地表溪流的DIC种类之间达到同位素平衡,在不同观测点发现的δ13CDIC变化主要是由于从水中释放出的CO2的程度不同引起的。水样的δ18O值与其采集点的海拔高度之间存在线性关系;研究区的地表溪流的氧同位素组成受到蒸发的制约。在流经钙华沉积物的地表溪流中白天和夜晚的水化学及pH的日变化表明生物作用促进了碳酸盐的沉积,尽管作用不显著。据估计研究区碳酸钙的日沉积速率是4778kg·km2,即约1mm·a1。     

大沽河干流青岛段纳污能力及排污总量控制分析

在分析了大沽河干流青岛段水质现状的基础上，指出该研究区域的主要污染物为COD、NH3-N。根据其水域功能类别的水质标准，并且根据大沽河在枯水期没有流量的具体情况，在此时段把大沽河概化为多个坝上水库组成．利用水库水质模型计算水体纳污能力；在丰水期和平水期，利用河流水质模型计算水体纳污能力。在此基础上提出了大沽河干流青岛段COD（化学需氧量）、NH3-N（氨氮）的总量控制方案，对超过允许纳污量的河段要进行削减，使削减后的污染源排放的污染物达到排放标准。最后针对大沽河污染的实际情况，提出了保证总量控制目标实施的具体措施以及污染物防治的对策和建议，为该水域水资源保护和管理提供依据。     

水质基准两栖类受试生物筛选

两栖动物是水生生态系统的重要生物群落,是水生生物基准的重要保护对象. 参照美国水生生物基准技术指南,搜集、筛选了12种本土代表性两栖动物的生物毒性数据,通过毒性数据分析,筛选出对两栖动物毒性最大的污染物,主要包括农药、重金属和杀虫剂三大类,以及4属基准研究受试生物. 在4属(5种)受试生物中,黑眶蟾蜍对硝酸银的累积概率为15%,六趾蛙对马拉硫磷的累积概率为1%,牛蛙对五氯酚的累积概率为8%,棘胸蛙对丙溴磷的累积概率为27%,虎纹蛙对硫丹的累积概率为29%. 结果表明:蛙属(六趾蛙)对农药、蛙属(牛蛙)对杀虫剂、蟾蜍属(黑框蟾蜍)对重金属均为敏感物种,虎纹蛙属(虎纹蛙)对农药、棘蛙属(棘胸蛙)对杀虫剂均为较敏感物种. 这4属(5种)两栖动物可以作为相关污染物的水质基准研究的受试物种.      

污水处理厂脱水机操作运行研究

文章紧密结合污水处理厂脱水工艺中新型离心脱水机的应用实际,对Flottweg离心脱水机的结构原理、操作特点、工艺参数控制进行了阐述,通过对转鼓转速、差速、进料流量、絮凝剂投加量及种类、进料扭矩和液池深度等参数的选择,探讨了离心脱水机运行工况的优化,并对一些运行中所出现的问题进行了分析.此外,针对运行实例,在分析了污泥成份性质的基础上,对脱水机的综合控制与调整进行了研究,为离心脱水机最优化运行提供经验和参考.     

超声波萃取-毛细管气相色谱法测定土壤和底质中的25种有机氯农药研究

建立了超声波萃取、Florisil柱净化,SPB-5毛细管柱分离,ECD检测器测定土壤和底质中25种有机氯农药的方法.该方法的检出限为0.079 μg/kg ～1.2 μg/kg,加标回收率为73.1％ ～ 126.5％,相对标准偏差为3.3％ ～9.7％.实验结果证明,该方法灵敏度高、精密度高,操作快速简便,满足土壤和底质中有机氯农药的测定要求.     

Effect of artificial aeration on the performance of vertical-flow constructed wetland treating heavily polluted river water

Three lab-scale vertical-flow constructed wetlands (VFCWs), including the non-aerated (NA), intermittently aerated (IA) and continuously aerated (CA) ones, were operated at different hydraulic loading rates (HLRs) to evaluate the effect of artificial aeration on the treatment efficiency of heavily polluted river water. Results indicated that artificial aeration increased the dissolved oxygen (DO) concentrations in IA and CA, which significantly favored the removal of organic matter and NH₄⁺-N. The DO grads caused by intermittent aeration formed aerobic and anoxic regions in IA and thus promoted the removal of total nitrogen (TN). Although the removal efficiencies of COD_Cr, NH₄⁺-N and TN in the three VFCWs all decreased with an increase in HLR, artificial aeration enhanced the reactor resistance to the fluctuation of pollutant loadings. The maximal removal efficiencies of COD_Cr, NH₄⁺-N and total phosphorus (TP) (i.e., 81%, 87% and 37%, respectively) were observed in CA at 19 cm/day HLR, while the maximal TN removal (i.e., 57%) was achieved in IA. Although the improvement of artificial aeration on TP removal was limited, this study has demonstrated the feasibility of applying artificial aeration to VFCWs treating polluted river water, particularly at a high HLR.