层次分析法在评定最优环境工程方案中的应用

本文根据层次分析法的原理，结合环境工程评标的特点，建立了评定最优环境工程方案的层次结构模型。该模型引入三标度法来间接地构造判断矩阵，简化了专家或决策者的判断难度，增强了判断矩阵的逻辑性。结合某废水治理工程项目，介绍了层次分析法应用于工程评标的计算过程。结果表明，这种改进的层次分析法是进行环境工程方案优选的新颖、科学、简便的方法。     

Significant tipping points of sediment microeukaryotes forewarn increasing antibiotic pollution

Antibiotic pollution imposes urgent threats to public health and microbial-mediated ecological processes. Existing studies have primarily focused on bacterial responses to antibiotic pollution, but they ignored the microeukaryotic counterpart, though microeukaryotes are functionally important (e.g., predators and saprophytes) in microbial ecology. Herein, we explored how the assembly of sediment microeukaryotes was affected by increasing antibiotic pollution at the inlet (control) and across the outlet sites along a shrimp wastewater discharge channel. The structures of sediment microeukaryotic community were substantially altered by the increasing nutrient and antibiotic pollutions, which were primarily controlled by the direct effects of phosphate and ammonium (−0.645 and 0.507, respectively). In addition, tetracyclines exerted a large effect (0.209), including direct effect (0.326) and indirect effect (−0.117), on the microeukaryotic assembly. On the contrary, the fungal subcommunity was relatively resistant to antibiotic pollution. Segmented analysis depicted nonlinear responses of microeukaryotic genera to the antibiotic pollution gradient, as supported by the significant tipping points. We screened 30 antibiotic concentration-discriminatory taxa of microeukaryotes, which can quantitatively and accurately predict (98.7% accuracy) the in-situ antibiotic concentration. Sediment microeukaryotic (except fungal) community is sensitive to antibiotic pollution, and the identified bioindicators could be used for antibiotic pollution diagnosis.     

试论我国环境税的设立与完善

从西方各国的实践及可供我国借鉴的措施等诸方面对环境税的设立及完善加以探讨，就建立环境税逐步完善费改税、公平税负及建立完善的彼此协调的环境税费体系进行了思考，并提出了一些建议。     

冶炼厂烟化炉煤粉爆炸安全监控研究

在生产过程中，烟化炉常因煤粉量供应过大而在尾气中产生大量ＣＯ，导致爆炸事故的发生。为消除此隐患，在分析事故原因的基础上，设计了烟化炉生产安全监控系统。该系统采用闭环集效控制方式，煤粉的供给量完全由系统自动控制，从而提高了烟化炉生产的安全性。     

持续农业的新发展--生态农村的建设

本文分析了现今农村影响农业持续发展的因素 ,提高建立高产优质高效生产体系以及提高资源利用率的技术措施和优化物质循环转化环节等三项生态村建设的必备条件与对策。阐述了全村总体型和家庭生态型二种建设模式的基本原理与设计原则 ,并详细介绍了城郊型生态村 ,山区型生态村 ,庭院型生态村模式。     

Emission of CO2, CH4 and N2O from freshwater marsh in northeast of China

The wetlands play an important role in carbon storage, especially at high latitudes, at which they store nearly one-third of global soil carbons. However, few studies have investigated the emissions of CO(2), CH(4) and N(2)O in the long-term, especially effects of freeze-thaw cycles on these gases emissions in freshwater marsh ecosystems. In this paper, we collected greenhouse gas emission data from a freshwater marsh area in China for 4 years, evaluated their release variables and speculated on their potential atmospheric impact. For this paper, we report on the CO(2), CH(4) and N(2)O emission rates recorded from June 2002 to November 2005 in the Sanjiang Plain of northeast China. We measured their interannual variations and fluctuations, as well as factors affecting their emissions, and estimated their regulation and freeze-thaw cycle impacts. Our results revealed obvious CO(2) and CH(4) emission fluctuations during the winter months, and during the freeze-thaw cycle, and a strong interannual variation during the growing season. Overall, we documented a close relationship between the CO(2) and CH(4) emissions, implicating some regulatory commonality. We determined that the marsh was a N(2)O sink during the winter, but a significant source of N(2)O during the freeze-thaw cycle as the temperature increased, especially in early summer. During the thaw-freeze period, the N(2)O levels were positively correlated with the water depth. Additionally, water depth greatly governed the interannual variation of the N(2)O emissions from the marshes during the thaw-freeze period.     

崂山水库上游区生态环境需水量的计算

本文建立了崂山水库上游区生态环境需水量的计算方法,并计算了该区域的生态环境需水量.结果表明崂山水库上游区生态环境需水量为3089.78×104m3,其中植被生态环境需水量为2792.7×104m3,河流生态环境需水量为291.95×104m3,水库生态环境需水量为5.13×104m3.崂山水库上游区生产生活用水总量为63.67×104m3,多年平均水资源总量为4032.7×104m3,说明从全年来看该区域生态环境需水能够得到基本满足.但径流量年内分配极不均匀,大部分集中于丰水期,枯水期的生态环境需水可能无法保障.     

西宁盆地总有机碳同位素记录的～39 Ma亚洲内陆急剧干旱事件

始新世亚洲内陆干旱环境演化(简称干旱化)的研究比较匮乏,驱动机制存在争议。位于青藏高原东北缘的西宁盆地含有连续的始新世地层沉积序列,是研究上述科学问题的理想材料。通过西宁盆地中央西宁东和水湾平行剖面(古地磁年代均为～ 43 Ma — ～ 35 Ma)详细的总有机碳同位素记录,对始新世的干旱生态环境变化进行了研究,结果显示:上述两个平行剖面总有机碳同位素平均值均在～39 Ma发生了急剧的～2.5‰变正(分别从-27.5‰和-28.4‰变正为-25.0‰和-26.0‰),结合盆地内耐旱植物麻黄属和白刺属孢粉的百分含量急剧升高,共同指示该时期的西宁盆地发生了急剧干旱化。副特提斯海退却导致的水汽输送的减少可能是驱动西宁盆地始新世干旱生态环境变化的主要原因,全球长期变冷可能起到了背景叠加作用。     

贵州高原草海湿地土壤有机碳分布特征及其与酶活性的关系

基于时空替代的研究方法,对贵州草海湿地土壤有机碳和氧化还原酶活性分布进行了研究,分析了土壤总有机碳(TOC)和可溶性有机碳(DOC)与土壤酶活性、环境因子之间的关系.结果表明,不同退化梯度湿地土壤中有机碳存在较大的差异,沿着退化梯度表层土壤TOC、DOC含量和脱氢酶(DHA)活性逐渐降低(p0.05),而多酚酶(PPO)活性逐渐升高(p0.05);在垂直剖面上,原生湿地(CH1)和轻度退化湿地(CH_2)土壤TOC先增加后减少,而沼泽化湿地(CH3)和草甸湿地(CH_4)土壤TOC无明显的分层和富聚现象;相关性分析表明,TOC、DOC与PPO显著负相关(p0.01),而PPO与土壤含水率(WHC)、总氮(TN)和硝酸盐(NO-3-N)含量等显著负相关(p0.01),与pH显著正相关(p0.01).以上结果表明,土壤有机碳和酶活性的变化是对湿地退化的响应,湿地退化碳库的损失与PPO活性增加有关,而WHC、TN、NO-3-N和pH是影响PPO活性分布的重要因子.     

Quantitative assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in sewage sludge from wastewater treatment plants in Qingdao, China

In this study, 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were detected in sewage sludge samples from four wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) in Qingdao, China. These WWTPs differ in the type of treatment used and in the origin of the wastewater. The total amounts of PAHs in digested sludges ranged from 1.9645 to 6.5752 mg/kg, which did not exceed the projected European Union cut-off limits (6 mg/kg) for sludge found in farmland, except for the Haibohe WWTP. Significant differences were observed in overall PAH values between WWTPs receiving domestic effluents and those receiving industrial effluents. The total amounts of PAHs in digested sludge from the Licunhe and Haibohe WWTPs, which mainly received industrial effluents, were markedly higher than those of the Tuandao and Huangdao WWTPs, which received only domestic effluents. The distribution of PAH compounds in digested sludges were analysed. At the Tuandao, Huangdao and Licunhe WWTPs, 2-, 3-, 4-benzene rings were predominant, accounting for 100%, 99.8% and 99.0% of the sum concentration of 16 PAHs (∑PAHs), respectively. At the Haibohe WWTP, a large number of high molecular weight PAHs (5-, 6-benzene rings) were observed, accounting for 30% of the ∑PAHs. The sum of seven carcinogenic PAHs (∑PAHs-c) ranged from 0.8694 to 3.0389 mg/kg in four WWTPs. The highest value was found in the Haibohe WWTP. Moreover, the PAH concentrations in sludges from the different treatment processes in the Licunhe and Tuandao WWTPs are discussed.