某铁路辖区创建标准化伙食团验收情况分析

按照《标准化伙食团管理评估考核表》4个类别18项工作任务,对某铁路辖区申报创建标准化伙食团的单位进行验收.结果显示,统一综合管理、设备卫生清洁、人员健康管理、场所卫生清洁工作较为到位,扣分较多集中在控制油盐食品、严格进货查验、统一资料台账和设备容器标识.结合考核验收情况,提出应进一步加强标准化伙食团创建工作、加强各部门...     

现代控制理论在河流水质系统状态估计中的应用

本文基于导出的河流水质系统随机状态空间模型，提出了以能够即时测定的ＤＯ浓度实时估计不易测定的ＢＯＤ浓度的塔穆勒滤波方法。通过仿真实例，证明了该滤波方法能在较大范围内适用于河流水质系统的状态估计，用ＤＯ估计ＢＯＤ是可行的。     

小叶章湿地表土水溶性有机碳季节动态变化及影响因素分析

湿地土壤及水体中水溶性有机碳(DOC)的产生、迁移与转化对湿地土壤碳通量具有重要的影响.然而,目前对沼泽湿地土壤DOC动态变化及影响因素的研究报道还比较少.对小叶章湿地表土DOC季节动态变化及影响因素进行了研究.结果表明,生长季内,表土DOC含量为373·9~443·7mg·kg-1,平均值为414·6mg·kg-1,变异系数为7·7%(P<0·0001).小叶章湿地表土DOC含量有明显的季节性动态变化.5月份表土DOC含量较高,6~7月份DOC含量下降,7月份达到最小值373·9mg·kg-1;8~9月份表土DOC含量迅速增加,9月份达到最大值443·7mg·kg-1.表土DOC特定波长吸收值也有明显的季节变化.随着时间的增长,280nm波长吸收值(A280值)迅速增加,8~9月份达到最大值.A250/A365比值则明显的下降,9月份达到最小值,说明DOC结构也有明显的季节性动态变化.近期生物过程,如微生物代谢产物和消耗有机碳数量、植物光合产物(立枯物、根系分泌物)对DOC含量和组成结构季节动态有很重要的影响,而土壤中长期积累的有机质对其季节变化贡献很小.另外,温度和含水量通过影响的微生物活性间接影响DOC;降水的淋溶也对DOC动态有影响;冻融作用对春季DOC含量和组成结构有重要贡献.     

城市缓流水体的生物强化净化技术

城市缓流水体因其受城市发展的影响大、自身流动性小和自净能力弱的特点 ,正处于被人为破坏而面临消失之中。而生物净化技术是根据水体自净的原理而设计和开发的污染水体净化技术。本文列举了国内外城市污染水体常用的生物净化技术的特点及应用情况 ,指出了各种生物净化技术在实际应用中的不足和发展前景 ,为我国城市水体的治理提供参考     

Accumulation,root-shoot translocation and phytotoxicity of substituted polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in wheat

Environmental Chemistry Letters - While pollution of the environment by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons has been rather well studied, the fate of substituted polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in...     

Effects of environmental factors on sulfamethoxazole photodegradation under simulated sunlight irradiation: Kinetics and mechanism

To advance the knowledge of the environmental fate of sulfamethoxazole (SMX), we systematically investigated the effects of natural water constituents and synthetic substances (i.e., TiO₂ nanoparticles (nTiO₂) and Ti-doped β-Bi₂O₃ (NTB)) on the photodegradation kinetics of SMX under xenon lamp irradiation. The photolysis of SMX in aqueous solution followed first-order kinetics. Our results showed that higher concentrations of SMX, fulvic acid, suspended sediments, NTB and higher pH value decreased the photodegradation rates of SMX, whereas H₂O₂ improved the SMX photodegradation. TiO₂ nanoparticles had a dual effect on photodegradation due to their photocatalytic activity and photoabsorption of photons. No intermediates more toxic toward Vibrio fischeri than SMX were produced after direct photolysis and photocatalytic degradation for 3 hr. The photolysis of SMX involved three pathways: hydroxylation, cleavage of the sulfonamide bond, and fragmentation of the isoxazole ring. This study lays the groundwork for a better understanding of the environmental fate of SMX.     

南四湖流域水环境承载力评价指标体系构建

针对目前水环境承载力概念及评价指标体系研究中存在的问题,构建了流域水环境承载力概念模型,根据评价指标筛选原则,建立了南四湖流域水环境承载力评价指标体系,包括水环境承载能力、水环境压力、水环境承载状态和社会经济调控能力4部分,共有57个具体指标,从而为制定流域保护规划和管理政策提供技术支持,为寻求流域水环境承载力的提高途径和措施提供科学依据。     

空气净化器去除细粒子性能实验研究

对空气净化器去除细粒子的性能进行实验研究。结果表明,不同粒径区间颗粒物的洁净空气量(CADR)相差很大;降低空气净化器的运行风量,0.3~0.5μm颗粒物一次通过效率减小,0.5~3μm颗粒物一次通过效率不变;延长测试时间会对不同粒径区间颗粒物洁净空气量的测量结果产生不同影响。     

基于OMI数据的青岛市酸沉降通量估算

针对地面监测点位过少,不能满足大区域范围土壤酸沉降通量研究需求的现状,建立了基于OMI痕量气体遥感数据和地面观测数据的区域酸沉降通量估算方法,并对青岛市硫元素和氮元素沉降通量进行了估算。结果表明,新方法能够实现大区域范围土壤酸沉降通量的估算。与传统估算方法相比,新方法采用大气痕量气体遥感监测数据,是对酸沉降通量常规研究手段的有益补充。     

Effect of orchard age on soil nitrogen transformation in subtropical China and implications

A better understanding of nitrogen transformation in soils could reveal the capacity for biological inorganic N supply and improve the efficiency of N fertilizers. In this study, a ¹⁵N tracing study was carried out to investigate the effects of converting woodland to orchard, and orchard age on the gross rates of N transformation occurring simultaneously in subtropical soils in Eastern China. The results showed that inorganic N supply rate was remained constant with soil organic C and N contents increased after converting woodland into citrus orchard and with increasing orchard age. This phenomenon was most probably due to the increase in the turnover time of recalcitrant organic-N, which increased with decreasing soil pH along with increasing orchard age significantly. The amoA gene copy numbers of both archaeal and bacterial were stimulated by orchard planting and increased with increasing orchard age. The nitrification capacity (defined as the ratio of gross rate of nitrification to total gross rate of mineralization) increased following the Michaelis–Menten equation, sharply in the first 10 years after woodland conversion to orchard, and increased continuously but much more slowly till 30 years. Due to the increase in nitrification capacity and unchanged NO₃⁻ consumption, the dominance of ammonium in inorganic N in woodland soil was shifted to nitrate dominance in orchard soils. These results indicated that the risk of NO₃⁻ loss was expected to increase and the amount of N needed from fertilizers for fruit growth did not change although soil organic N accumulated with orchard age.