北京河流水污染现状分析研究

通过总结近年来北京河流中氮磷、有机质和重金属等方面的研究成果,结果表明北运河水系各河段水质均较差,劣Ⅴ类水质的河流长度超过80％,城市河流污染特征明显,主要污染指标为耗氧型有机污染物和氨氮,重金属污染较轻,悬浮物中的重金属占较大的比重;永定河水系枯水期氮污染较重,主要是硝态氮超标,以颗粒态磷为主要形式的磷污染较轻,重金属含量大都低于地表水Ⅲ类标准;潮白河水系水质较好,各水质指标除个别断面外大都满足中Ⅲ类水标准,重金属含量大都符合Ⅰ～Ⅲ类水标准。     

在用轻型汽油车排放水平及趋势变化拟合研究

基于佛山市2.7万条稳态加载模拟工况法(ASM)的尾气排放检测数据,在分析了总体排放劣化特征随行驶里程呈规律性变化的基础上,通过分类统计和回归分析方法研究了在用轻型汽油车的排放劣化增长模型及不同排放标准机动车的排放特征.分析结果表明,线性增长模型能很好地表现CO,HC,NO三种污染物随行驶里程的劣化规律;不同排放标准的轻型汽油车排放特征差异很大,国零、Ⅰ、Ⅱ排放水平很高,对总体排放影响较大.研究结论对于预测机动车污染变化趋势,完善在用车检查/维护制度等方面可以提供理论支持.     

2014年-2020年江苏省城镇化的边际资源环境影响预测分析研究

利用历史数据,选取合适计算模型,定量预测了2014年-2020年江苏省城镇化边际资源环境影响,即以与城镇化发展密切相关的资源使用量或者城镇生活污染物排放量较上一年的增量,除以当年城镇化率增量,得到江苏省城镇化水平每提高一个百分点带来的资源环境影响,以期为江苏环境管理及政府综合决策提供切实有效的数据依据.结果表明:未来7年,江苏省城镇化率每上升1个百分点,增加城镇生活用水量约0.5亿立方米、城镇建设用地面积16万亩;增加城镇生活污水排放量1.15亿吨、生活氮氧化物排放量10 228吨、生活垃圾产生量36.4万吨;减少生活COD排放量7 549吨、生活氨氮排放量762吨、生活二氧化硫(SO2)排放量371吨.     

隔振器过载振动复合环境试验研究

目的为了对试验产品的过载振动复合环境进行充分的考核,同时兼顾经济性和便捷性。方法选取橡皮绳、振动台系统进行过载复合环境试验,并分析橡皮绳、振动台系统的可行性,讨论其应用范围。结果从橡皮绳的拉伸曲线可以看出,橡皮绳的变形在5%以内刚度较大,变形超过5%刚度较小。在橡皮绳较小刚度区间,对隔振器进行振动试验,结果很好。结论采用橡皮绳、振动台系统进行隔振器过载复合环境试验不仅能够节省成本,缩短试验周期,而且能够达到很好的试验效果。     

贵州镇远提钒尾渣固体废弃物二次资源利用研究

为了开发无尾矿、少尾矿提钒工艺,对贵州镇远江古钒矿实验室扩大试验流程产生的尾矿进行资源化利用研究,尾渣物质组成研究表明:提钒尾渣的主要化学成分为二氧化硅,主要矿物为石英,尾渣放射性检测结果高于建筑物主体墙材中放射性指标的要求,不能直接应用于建筑主体材料.经用尾渣烧成水泥试验结果表明:尾渣烧成的水泥熟料基本化学成分、物理性能测试结果符合GB/T 21372-2008硅酸盐水泥熟料要求.     

Promoting effect of vanadium on catalytic activity of Pt/Ce–Zr–O diesel oxidation catalysts

A series of Pt–V/Ce–Zr–O diesel oxidation catalysts was prepared using the impregnation method. The catalytic activity and sulfur resistance of Pt–V/Ce–Zr–O were investigated in the presence of simulated diesel exhaust. The effect of vanadium on the structure and redox properties of the catalysts was also investigated using the Brunauer–Emmett–Teller method,X-ray diffraction, H2temperature-programmed reduction, CO temperature-programmed desorption, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy. Results showed that the Pt particles were well dispersed on the Ce–Zr–O carrier through the vanadium isolation effect, which significantly improved the oxidation activity toward CO and hydrocarbons. An electron-withdrawing phenomenon occurred from V to Pt, resulting in an increase in the metallic nature of platinum, which was beneficial to hydrocarbon molecular activation.     

热处理对猪粪高固厌氧消化产甲烷能力的影响

畜禽粪便属于有机物含量高、卫生风险大的污染物.本研究探寻不同热处理时间下,猪粪(含固率27.6%)不稀释直接进行70℃热处理的情况及热处理对中温高固厌氧消化的影响.结果表明,热处理能够去除猪粪的部分有机物,并能明显提高高固厌氧消化的产甲烷能力和产甲烷速率.热处理时间为1、2、3和4 d时,热处理对猪粪的VS去除率分别为15.1%、15.5%、17.8%、20.0%,甲烷产率(以CH4/VSadd计)分别为284.4、296.3、309.2、264.4 m L·g-1,相比原粪的甲烷产率分别提高49.7%、55.9%、62.7%、39.2%.热处理时间为3 d时,猪粪的甲烷产率最高.热处理对猪粪产甲烷的促进效果显著,能耗适中,并能够起到巴氏消毒的作用,具有较好的工程价值.     

Adapting a geographical information system-based water resource management to the needs of the Romanian water authorities

Background, aim, and scope

The need for global and integrated approaches to water resources management, both from the quantitative and the qualitative point of view, has long been recognized. Water quality management is a major issue for sustainable development and a mandatory task with respect to the implementation of the European Water Framework Directive as well as the Swiss legislation. However, data modelling to develop relational databases and subsequent geographic information system (GIS)-based water management instruments are a rather recent and not that widespread trend. The publication of overall guidelines for data modelling along with the EU Water Framework Directive is an important milestone in this area. Improving overall water quality requires better and more easily accessible data, but also the possibility to link data to simulation models. Models are to be used to derive indicators that will in turn support decision-making processes. For this whole chain to become effective at a river basin scale, all its components have to become part of the current daily practice of the local water administration. Any system, tool, or instrument that is not designed to meet, first of all, the fundamental needs of its primary end-users has almost no chance to be successful in the longer term.

Materials and methods

Although based on a pre-existing water resources management system developed in Switzerland, the methodological approach applied to develop a GIS-based water quality management system adapted to the Romanian context followed a set of well-defined steps: the first and very important step is the assessment of needs (on the basis of a careful analysis of the various activities and missions of the water administration and other relevant stakeholders in water management related issues). On that basis, a conceptual data model (CDM) can be developed, to be later on turned into a physical database. Finally, the specifically requested additional functionalities (i.e. functionalities not provided by classical commercial GIS software), also identified during the assessment of needs, are developed. This methodology was applied, on an experimental basin, in the Ialomita River basin.

Results

The results obtained from this action-research project consist of a set of tangible elements, among which (1) a conceptual data model adapted to the Romanian specificities regarding water resources management (needs, data availability, etc.), (2) a related spatial relational database (objects and attributes in tables, links, etc.), that can be used to store the data collected, among others, by the water administration, and later on exploited with geographical information systems, (3) a toolbar (in the ESRI environment) offering the requested data processing and visualizing functionalities. Lessons learned from this whole process can be considered as additional, although less tangible, results.

Discussion

The applied methodology is fairly classical and did not come up with revolutionary results. Actually, the interesting aspects of this work are, on the one hand, and obviously, the fact that it produced tools matching the needs of the local (if not national) water administration (i.e. with a good chance of being effectively used in the day-to-day practice), and, on the other hand, the adaptations and adjustments that were needed both at the staff level and in technical terms.

Conclusions

This research showed that a GIS-based water management system needs to be backed by some basic data management tools that form the necessary support upon which a GIS can be deployed. The main lesson gained is that technology transfer has to pay much attention to the differences in existing situations and backgrounds in general, and therefore must be able to show much flexibility. The fact that the original objectives could be adapted to meet the real needs of the local end-users is considered as a major aspect in achieving a successful adaptation and development of water resources management tools. Time needed to setup things in real life was probably the most underestimated aspect in this technology transfer process.

Recommendations and perspectives

The whole material produced (conceptual data model, database and GIS tools) was disseminated among all river basin authorities in Romania on the behalf of the national water administration (ANAR). The fact that further developments, for example, to address water quantity issues more precisely, as envisaged by ANAR, can be seen as an indication that this project succeeded in providing an appropriate input to improve water quality in Romania on the long term.

     

煤矿复垦区土壤重金属分布特征与质量评价

为保证煤矿复垦区种植农作物的充填复垦土壤的生态安全,以淮南矿区煤矸石充填复垦地为研究对象,通过对研究区内Cd、Cr、Ni、Pb、Cu、Zn和Hg 7种重金属不同深度含量分析,总结其纵向分布特征,并将研究区土壤重金属含量与淮南市土壤背景值、《土壤环境质量标准》(GB 15618-1995)作比较,分析这7种重金属的污染程度.结果表明,这7种重金属都有不同程度的污染,其中土壤受Cd污染最严重,土壤中重金属垂直方向上无确定分布规律.总体而言,土壤重金属潜在生态风险属于强生态危害.从垂直方向来看,重金属潜在生态风险指数(RD随着深度的增加出现先下降后升高的趋势,其中40～60 cm深度的RI最大.重金属生态危害程度依次为Cd＞ Hg＞ Ni＞ Cu＞ Cr＞ Pb＞ Zn,其中Cd为矿区土壤中最主要的重金属污染生态风险因子.     

Conversion of Concentrated Solar Thermal Energy into Chemical Energy

When a concentrated solar beam is irradiated to the ceramics such as Ni-ferrite, the high-energy flux in the range of 1500–2500 kW/m² is absorbed by an excess Frenkel defect formation. This non-equilibrium state defect is generated not by heating at a low heating-rate (30 K/min), but by irradiating high flux energy of concentrated solar beam rapidly at a high heating rate (200 K/min). The defect can be spontaneously converted to chemical energy of a cation-excess spinel structure (reduced-oxide form) at the temperature around 1773 K. Thus, the O₂ releasing reaction (α-O₂ releasing reaction) proceeds in two-steps; (1) high flux energy of concentrated solar beam absorption by formation of the non-equilibrium Frenkel defect and (2) the O₂ gas formation from the O^2? in the Frenkel defect even in air atmosphere. The 2nd step proceeds without the solar radiation. We may say that the 1st step is light reaction, and 2nd step, dark reaction, just like in photosynthesis process.