浅谈滨海湿地生态环境退化监测与评价

指出了滨海湿地面临的主要环境问题。简述了美国、欧洲、澳大利亚等滨海湿地现状及监测评价方法。对我国滨海湿地管理与研究进展进行了分析探索。     

天津市基于新标准的空气质量预报模型效果评估

利用2015年环境空气质量监测数据,对天津市OPAQ空气质量统计预报模型预测效果进行验证评估。结果表明,模型对天津市AQI和PM_(2.5)、PM_(10)、O_3、NO——2的预测结果与实测结果具有较好的趋势一致性,且预测时间越临近,拟合度越好,24 h预报的相关系数r全部达到0.8以上。对PM_(2.5)的预报性能明显优于PM_(10)、O_3和NO_2,PM_(2.5)平均值预测略呈正偏差,但重污染预测值偏低约15%;O_3和NO_2预测值呈明显负偏差,O_3峰值预测不足,NO_2预测值整体偏低,均以24 h预报趋势性最好,但负偏差最为突出。     

Fluctuating asymmetry rather than oxidative stress in <Emphasis Type="Italic">Bufo raddei</Emphasis> can be an accurate indicator of environmental pollution induced by heavy metals

Oxidative stress (OS) and fluctuating asymmetry (FA) as risk markers for environmental stress are widely used to predict changes in the health and fitness of many animals exposed to pollutants. However, from the perspective of protecting declining amphibians, it remains to be verified which one would be a reliable indicator for amphibians exposed to long-term heavy metal pollution under natural conditions. In this study, the OS and FA of Bufo raddei exposed to natural heavy metal pollution were analyzed to determine which marker is more accurate for indicating heavy metal-induced stress. Three years of data were collected during the breeding season of B. raddei from Baiyin (BY), which has been mainly contaminated with Cu, Zn, Pb, and Cd compounds for a long period, and from Liujiaxia (LJX), which is a relatively unpolluted area. Unexpectedly, although significant accumulation of the four heavy metals was found in the kidney and liver of B. raddei from BY, the levels of superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, and malondialdehyde in these two organs were found to be irregular, with low repeatability in both BY and LJX. However, significant differences in the levels of FA were observed in B. raddei populations from these two areas over the past 3 years (P < 0.01). The degrees of FA in B. raddei populations from BY and LJX were assessed as degree 4 and 1, respectively. In short, this study suggested that FA was a more reliable and effective indicator than OS to monitor and predict long-term environmental stress on anuran amphibians.     

过氯乙烯滤膜采样-酸消解-钼蓝光度法测定磷酸雾

建立了过氯乙烯滤膜采样 -酸消解 -钼蓝分光光度法测定磷化车间磷酸雾的监测方法。实验室模拟采样的捕集效率为 95 7%～ 99 1 %。单个实验室对含 5μg和 1 5μg样品进行多次测定 ,其相对标准差小于 5% ,样品加标回收率为 98 2 %～ 1 0 0 5% ,方法检测限为 0 0 0 7mg/m3。对标样测定 ,结果均在给定值范围内。用该法与等离子发射光谱法(ICP)对 5个样品进行比对测定 ,结果均令人满意。     

Risk assessment and distribution of soil Pb in Guangdong, China

In this study, the spatial distributions of soil lead (Pb) concentration in three horizontal soils in Guangdong, China, were surveyed and analyzed using geostatistics and geography information systems (GIS). Findings indicated that the Pb geometric mean concentration of 23.3 mg/kg in surface soils was found to be higher than those in global soils, which ranged from 2.3–235 mg/kg. In addition, the Pb geometric mean concentrations from A- to C-horizon were found to be 23.3, 27.2, and 28.6 mg/kg, respectively. The classification of a soil Pb environmental risk in an area was likewise presented based on the different levels of environmental quality of Pb and was done by GIS technology. Accordingly, there is a higher local concentration of Pb in the surrounding areas of Guangzhou where there is higher population density and in the north of Guangdong, which is a historic mining area. The results obtained by the environmental risk assessment reveal that about 46% of total surveyed area was above the background value, that is, 2.7% of the total area was at risk of pollution.     

Identification of sources of elevated concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in an industrial area in Tianjin, China

The concentrations of 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were determined by gas chromatography equipped with a mass spectrometry detector in 105 topsoil samples from an industrial area around Bohai Bay, Tianjin in the North of China. Results demonstrated that concentrations of PAHs in 104 soil samples from this area ranged from 68.7 to 5,590 ng g^???1 dry weight with a mean of ∑16PAHs 814 ± 813 ng g^???1, which suggests that there exists mid to high levels of PAH contamination. The concentration of ∑16PAHs in one soil sample from Tianjin Port was exceptionally high (48,700 ng g^???1). Ninety-three of the 105 soil samples were considered to be contaminated with PAHs (>200 ng g^???1), and 25 were heavily polluted (>1,000 ng g^???1). The sites with high PAHs concentration are mainly distributed around chemical industry parks and near highways. Two low molecular weight PAHs, naphthalene and phenanthrene, were the dominant components in the soil samples, which accounted for 22.1% and 10.7% of the ∑16PAHs concentration, respectively. According to the observed molecular indices, house heating in winter, straw stalk combustion in open areas after harvest, and petroleum input were common sources of PAHs in this area, while factory discharge and vehicle exhaust were the major sources around chemical industrial parks and near highways. Biological processes were probably another main source of low molecular weight PAHs.     

青岛市区春夏季大气能见度与颗粒物的关系

利用青岛市灰霾综合观测站2012年3月2日-2012年6月7日期间的监测数据,分析了青岛市区大气能见度与不同粒径颗粒物质量浓度的日变化特征,比较了各级别大气能见度下不同粒径颗粒物质量浓度及所占比例的相关性,研究了相对湿度对大气能见度和颗粒物质量浓度相关性的影响.结果表明,监测时段大气能见度与颗粒物质量浓度呈现较好的负相关,每天大气能见度最低值出现在早晨07:00--09:00;剔除相对湿度高于90％的前提下,PM2.5是影响大气能见度的主要因子,随着其在PM1o中所占比例上升,大气能见度级别不断下降,相关系数为-0.84;不同相对湿度区间下,PM2.5对大气能见度的影响最明显,其中,相对湿度为60％ ～ 70％,大气能见度与颗粒物质量浓度之间的相关性最好.     

工业类建设项目验收技术规范编制内容探讨

简述了我国建设项目环保验收技术规范颁布实施,以及国外对建设项目实行全过程监管方式现状,指出现行环保验收技术规范在行业性内容、验收监测频次、质量控制措施、总量核算方面存在的问题,提出,应出台总工业类环保验收技术规范,对出台行业类验收技术规范严格把关,并加大验收技术科研力度的建议.     

克拉玛依市核技术应用单位安全监管中应注意的几个问题

克拉玛依市的核技术应用逐渐增多,带给人们在工作、生活等方面快捷和高效的同时,随之也带来了潜在的辐射安全隐患,辐射风险由此增加。本文探讨了在辐射环境管理中监管执法面临的实际问题和解决问题的思路。强调了监管的重要性。