电解浮选用于活性污泥固液分离的研究

在装有Ti/RuO₂-IrO₂-TiO₂阳极、Ti阴极的电解浮选槽中进行了活性污泥固液分离的研究.考察了影响电解浮选性能的操作参数,这些参数包括水力停留时间、电流密度、进水SS浓度和进水pH值.研究表明,电解浮选是高效的固液分离单元,水力停留时间和电流密度是主要的影响因素.SS的去除率随着水力停留时间和电流密度的增加而增大;污泥负荷增加,SS的去除率下降;pH值影响电解产生微气泡的尺寸和污泥性质,但对SS的去除影响不大,实际应用中可以不调节pH值.进水SS约1 000mg/L时,当水力停留时间为20min,接触室电流密度为5 mA/cm²,分离区电流密度为2.5 mA/cm²,SS的去除率可达97%以上,此时的能耗为0.4～0.5(kW.h)/m³废水.电解浮选产生的浮渣含水率为95.9%,低于溶气气浮和二沉池的污泥含水率,对污泥减量化及其最终处置有较大的意义.     

重型柴油车车载排放实测与加载影响研究

采用车载排放测试仪,对2辆重型柴油卡车在空载和加载条件下进行实际道路车载排放测试.通过分析获得了油耗与排放速率的速度-加速度及其工况点的分布,发现高油耗与高排放工况点主要集中在高速加速区域,加载时油耗与排放高值随工况点分布更广;车辆在(30±2.5)km·h^-1等速及加速行驶时受加载影响最大,此时加载油耗与排放约是空载的1.6～3.2倍左右;由实测结果发现,卡车Ⅰ和卡车Ⅱ加载时油耗及CO、HC、NO_x排放因子分别是空载的1.6倍、3.5倍、1.1倍、1.5倍以及1.2倍、1.0倍、0.9倍和1.5倍,加载对油耗与NO_x排放影响最为明显,对HC影响最小,CO影响取决于车辆保养水平;卡车Ⅱ较卡车Ⅰ车型更大,发动机功率更高,相同荷载时受加载影响较小,说明重型车在发动机负荷可承受的范围内合理装载,有助于避免油耗与排放恶化,提高燃油经济性和排放水平.     

Evaluation of the emission characteristics of PCDD/Fs from electric arc furnaces

Distribution of PCDD/F (polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin and polychlorinated dibenzofuran) congeners at two electric arc furnaces (EAFs) in Taiwan is evaluated via intensive stack sampling and analysis. Two kinds of exhaust system in EAFs including stack system and shutter system are selected for measuring dioxin emissions. In addition, dioxin emissions during oxidation and reduction stages at EAF-A were characterized. Results indicate that the PCDD/F concentration of stack gas in EAF-A was 4.39 ng/N m³ while total Toxic Equivalent Quantity (TEQ) concentration was 0.35 ng I-TEQ/N m³. The PCDD/F concentration of stack gas in EAF-B was 2.20 ng/N m³ and the TEQ concentration was 0.14 ng I-TEQ/N m³. 1,2,3,4,6,7,8-H_pCDF, OCDD and OCDF are the major contributors of the dioxin concentrations for two EAFs investigated and the percentage of PCDD/F in particulate phase increases as the chlorination level of the PCDD/F congener increases. The results obtained on gas/particulate partitioning of PCDD/Fs in flue gases prior to the APCD in EAFs indicate that more than 90% exists in particulate phase. In EAF-A, the PCDD/F concentration during oxidation stage is slightly higher than that measured during reduction stage, including the sampling points of CO converter outlet, prior to bag filter and stack. Majority of PCDD/Fs emitted from steel-making processes exists in particulate-phase (about 60–70%) at both EAFs investigated.     

Reductive dechlorination of 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene with palladized nanoscale Fe(zero-valent) particles supported on chitosan and silica

In this study, nanoscale Pd-Fe particles, with diameters less than 100 nm, were synthesized and dispersed over the chitosan and silica supports. Three different Pd-Fe particles were synthesized, namely 0.1% Pd-Fe, 0.5% Pd-Fe and 1.0% Pd-Fe. SEM images confirmed that the Pd-Fe particles were dispersed over the surface of the supports while SEM-EDX confirmed evenly distribution of Pd over Fe(zero-valent). alpha-Fe(zero-valent) crystallites were identified by means of XRD and observed in TEM. Reductive dechlorinations of 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene (1,2,4-TCB) with the nanoscale Pd-Fe/chitosan and Pd-Fe/silica were carried out in the batch experiment system. Disappearance of the parent species and formation of the reaction intermediates and end product were monitored at discrete times. The results show that the nano-scale Pd-Fe particles were able to completely dechlorinate the chlorinated benzenes within a very short timescale. Complete dechlorinations of 1,2,4-TCB to benzene were achieved within 60 min with the 1.0% Pd-Fe/chitosan and within 100 min with the 1.0% Pd-Fe/silica. Reaction rates were observed to increase with increasing Pd content of the Pd-Fe/support. The reactions apparently followed pseudo-first-order kinetics with respect to the 1,2,4-TCB transformation. A kinetic model is constructed to fit the experimental results for the reactions, enabling identification of the major and minor dechlorination pathways of 1,2,4-TCB. The model suggests that the 1,2,4-TCB transformation mainly followed the primary pathway of direct reductive dechlorination to benzene and secondary pathway of sequential hydrogenolysis to 1,2-dichlorobenzene (1,2-DCB) and then chlorobenzene (CB) or benzene.     

利用umu/SOS实验评价污灌土壤的遗传毒性

利用umu/SOS显色实验评价北京市郊污水灌溉土壤中遗传毒性物质的积累,得到表征样品遗传毒性大小的β-半乳糖苷酶诱导活性(IU值).以达到阳性时诱导比率R=2(试验管IU值/对照管IU值)需要的土壤重量来反映土壤样品的相对遗传毒性.R值起初随着96孔板每孔土壤样品量的增大而增大,但在达到某一定值后呈现稳定,此时各土壤样品投加量均为每孔约含10mg土壤.用剂量效应曲线中线性段的斜率作为标准,判断出遗传毒性物质为性质相同的一类污染物,根据相关资料推测主要是由于多环芳烃类污染物积累.     

煤燃烧过程中有机钙固氟效果研究

选择醋酸钙镁、醋酸钙2种有机钙为固氟剂,在固定床管式炉上对它们的固氟效果进行了初步研究,并分析了粒径、温度、钙硫比等对试验结果的影响.通过与传统固氟剂碳酸钙的固氟效果进行比较发现:在相同实验条件下,这2种有机钙具有良好的固氟效果,高温阶段效果更加明显,温度为1 000～1 100℃时,醋酸钙镁的固氟率是碳酸钙的1.68～1.74倍,醋酸钙的固氟率为碳酸钙的1.28～1.37倍.     

Two-stage fuzzy-stochastic robust programming: a hybrid model for regional air quality management

In this study, a hybrid two-stage fuzzy-stochastic robust programming (TFSRP) model is developed and applied to the planning of an air-quality management system. As an extension of existing fuzzy-robust programming and two-stage stochastic programming methods, the TFSRP can explicitly address complexities and uncertainties of the study system without unrealistic simplifications. Uncertain parameters can be expressed as probability density and/or fuzzy membership functions, such that robustness of the optimization efforts can be enhanced. Moreover, economic penalties as corrective measures against any infeasibilities arising from the uncertainties are taken into account. This method can, thus, provide a linkage to predefined policies determined by authorities that have to be respected when a modeling effort is undertaken. In its solution algorithm, the fuzzy decision space can be delimited through specification of the uncertainties using dimensional enlargement of the original fuzzy constraints. The developed model is applied to a case study of regional air quality management. The results indicate that reasonable solutions have been obtained. The solutions can be used for further generating pollution-mitigation alternatives with minimized system costs and for providing a more solid support for sound environmental decisions.     

连续起伏管道投产过程中的气相运移研究*

为应对山区液体管道在投产过程中可能出现的气阻、超压问题,从气相运移角度出发,建立液顶气模型,研究在1个U型单元内积气形成、压缩和破碎的全过程,在此基础上,提出连接各个U型单元的气相的传递函数,探讨背压累积因素下,连续起伏管道投产过程中各个U型管段的积气情况和压力的变化,进行动态的建模和计算。以国内某原油管道的现场投产数据与模型结果进行比对。结果表明:可以更加准确地预测山区液体管道投产过程中的气相传递和压力变化过程,能为未来连续起伏大落差液体管道投产的安全稳定运行提供理论指导和技术支持。     

煤层开采诱发地表裂缝成因数值模拟

为了通过分析地表裂缝的成因来研究采空区上覆火成岩非连续性破坏,根据现场数据和概率积分法确定了研究的岩土体范围,使用FLAC3D进行建模。布置6条监测线进行地表沉降监测,并与模拟得到的地表裂缝出现位置的变形数据进行对比,模拟得到了岩体塑性区的分布。结果表明,造成地表裂缝的主要原因是采空区上覆岩层中存在产状不均匀的火成岩,且位于松散层下方。采空区影响向上发展至火成岩底部造成火成岩边缘区域局部悬空。当采空区面积足够大时,火成岩上部拉应力超过其抗拉强度,进而发生断裂,松散层陷落导致地表裂缝。     

矿用救生舱内二氧化碳净化特性研究

煤矿救生舱是在矿井下发生事故后保护被困矿工生存、等待救援的密闭舱室设备。在救援过程中,二氧化碳的处理是舱内空气净化系统的一项主要功能。本文对救生舱内二氧化碳净化装置的功率、吸收效率、药剂床层厚度等因素进行了一系列试验,确定了救生舱二氧化碳的最优净化方式,并通过救生舱内真人生存试验对其进行了验证。最终得出救生舱内处理二氧化碳最佳反应条件为:药剂量20kg,最佳功率为100W;间歇式工作的运行时间与停机时间比例为2:3;在救生舱内8人生存模拟实验中,得出8kg药剂可供8人使用6.1h,平均吸收速率为1.34L/min。