Determination of 27 pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) in water: The benefit of isotope dilution

• Isotope dilution method was developed for the determination of 27 PPCPs in water. • The established method was successfully applied to different types of water samples. • The correction effect of corresponding 27 ILSs over 70 d was investigated. • Benefit of isotopic dilution method was illustrated for three examples. Pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) are a unique group of emerging and non-persistent contaminants. In this study, 27 PPCPs in various water samples were extracted by solid phase extraction (SPE), and determined by isotope dilution method using liquid chromatography coupled to tandem triple quadruple mass spectrometer (LC-MS/MS). A total of 27 isotopically labeled standards (ILSs) were applied to correct the concentration of PPCPs in spiked ultrapure water, drinking water, river, effluent and influent sewage. The corrected recoveries were 73%–122% with the relative standard deviation (RSD)<16%, except for acetaminophen. The matrix effect for all kinds of water samples was<22% and the method quantitation limits (MQLs) were 0.45–8.6 ng/L. The developed method was successfully applied on environmental water samples. The SPE extracts of spiked ultrapure water, drinking water, river and wastewater effluent were stored for 70 days, and the ILSs-corrected recoveries of 27 PPCPs were obtained to evaluate the correction ability of ILSs in the presence of variety interferences. The recoveries of 27 PPCPs over 70 days were within the scope of 72%–140% with the recovery variation<37% in all cases. The isotope dilution method seems to be of benefit when the extract has to be stored for long time before the instrument analysis.     

飞灰螯合剂中挥发性污染物的释放

采集了4个市售飞灰螯合剂样品,分析其在20,40℃下挥发性污染物的释放规律.结果表明,释放的挥发性污染物主要有甲醛、乙醛、苯、异戊醛/异丙醇、甲硫醇、乙硫醇等;其中3个螯合剂样品甲醛的释放浓度在20℃为748~1325 μg/L-螯合剂,占释放的易挥发污染物的68%~96%（质量比）,在40℃为4282~6822 μg/L-螯合剂,占释放的易挥发污染物的87%~95%（质量比）.随着温度升高,释放的挥发性污染物种类变多,部分污染物浓度增加,40℃时,4个螯合剂样品释放的易挥发污染物浓度比20℃时增加了142%~444%.元素分析、拉曼光谱和热重分析结果表明,4个螯合剂的主要有效成分相似,为二硫代氨基甲酸盐类物质.因此,推测这种飞灰螯合剂在稀释和飞灰稳定化过程中,对工作人员的健康可能有潜在的危害风险,应收集释放的气体并进行处理;且在飞灰填埋过程中,可能会导致渗滤液中NH₄⁺-N等物质的浓度升高,增加渗滤液的处理难度.     

碳纤维复合材料粉尘爆炸强度特性研究

碳纤维复合材料是应用于航天、航空领域的高性能材料之一,对于该材料的粉尘爆炸特性还未有相关研究报告。为了研究碳纤维复合材料粉尘的爆炸强度特性,本文采用20L球形粉尘爆炸测试实验系统开展了相关实验研究。实验测得碳纤维复合材料粉尘爆炸下限浓度为50g/m 3,最大爆炸压力为0.48MPa。在测试浓度范围内,最大压力上升速率和爆炸指数均随浓度的增大而变大。另外,在其爆炸强度特性研究的基础上,对产尘车间的环境风险进行了初步辨识,提出了相应的防护措施。本文的研究成果对此类碳纤维复合材料粉尘的工业防护具有实际的指导作用,对于该粉尘的爆炸机理的深入研究也具有一定的参考价值。     

船舶废气排放扩散模拟计算方法研究

基于船舶AIS数据的船舶废气排放评估计算模型,以高斯烟团扩散模型为核心,结合船舶航行和排放特征,构建移动船舶源排放烟团扩散模型。利用控制变量法,在其他变量参数相同条件下,分别设定不同风向、不同大气稳定度、不同高程平面,仿真模拟航行状态下的船舶排放烟团扩散至空间环境中的质量浓度分布情况,分析船舶在不同环境参数下的扩散特征。结果表明,仿真模拟结果与实际气体空间质量浓度分布情况相符。通过在深圳市盐田港区布设船舶废气排放岸基固定嗅探监测设备,对港区进、离港和过往船舶进行大气污染物排放组分(SO2、CO2、NO、NO2)全天在线实时监测,以SO2作为试验样本气体,船舶排放的SO2排放至监测站的模拟质量浓度与实际监测质量浓度标准误差为19.81%,在合理的误差范围内,验证了船舶废气排放扩散模拟计算方法的科学有效性。     

Transboundary hazardous waste management. Part I: Waste management policy of importing countries.

Mixed metal-containing waste, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) containing capacitors, printed circuit boards, steel mill dust and metal sludge were among the most common wastes exported from Taiwan. Before the implementation of the self-monitoring model programme of the Basel Convention (secretariat of the Basel Convention 2001) in the Asia region, Taiwan conducted a comprehensive 4-year follow-up project involving government authorities and the waste disposal facilities of the importing countries. A total of five countries and nine plants were visited in 2001-2002. The following outcomes can be drawn from these investigations. The Chinese government adopts the strategies of 'on-site processing' and 'relative centralization' on the waste management by tightening permitting and increasing site inspection. A three-level reviewing system is adopted for the import application. The United States have not signed the Basel Convention yet; the procedures of hazardous waste import rely on bilateral agreements. Importers are not required to provide official notification from the waste exporting countries. The operation, administration, monitoring and licensing of waste treatment plants are governed by the state environmental bureau. Finland, France and Belgium are members of the European Union. The procedures and policies of waste import are similar. All of the documents associated with transboundary movement require the approval of each government involved. Practically, the notification forms and tracking forms effectively manage the waste movement.     

危险分析AHP模型

采用层次分析法（ＡＨＰ），建立危险分析的ＡＨＰ模型，实现对危险因素的定性和定量相结合的全面分析，排列出危险因素的重要性的顺序，从而为消除潜在的事故危险性提供思路和依据     

二恶英的来源、危害及污染控制

二恶英不仅来源于苯酚类杀虫剂，消毒剂，而且来源于含氯化学工业品，通过呼吸系统和食物链富集进入人体，造成人体许多复杂疾病并引起环境激素问题，应从源头治理，加强二恶英的检测和食品安全管理，提高人们的自我防范意识。     

对我国海洋环境监测工作的若干建议

本文在回顾和总结我国海洋环境监测多年成就的基础上，分析了海洋环境质量发展的趋势，指出随着沿海经济及海洋资源开发活动的深入发展，近岸海洋环境将面临的前所未有的压力。为此，未来我国海洋环境监测的重点是近岸水域，尤其是各类入海污染源及其邻近海域，监工作必须由近海向近岸及重点海域转移。     

回灌条件下垃圾填埋体析出氨氮总量模型

文章在试验基础上提出垃圾厌氧填埋场达到稳定后，温度与渗滤液中氨氮析出总量呈二次关系，对试验数据进行相关性分析，其相关系数R2达到0．9185，从而验证了该二次函数关系的正确性。同时本文提出了回灌条件下，垃圾厌氧填埋体氨氮析出总量的模型，为今后该方面研究工作的进一步展开提供借鉴。     

无人机遥感调查黄河源玛多县岩羊数量及分布

本研究于2017年利用无人机航拍调查对黄河源玛多县县域内的岩羊种群数量进行了估算,并对其分布规律进行了研究。无人机航拍共获取影像23784张,有效面积326.6 km~2,通过目视解译,获取样带内的岩羊种群数量为203只,种群密度为0.6215只/km~2。通过推算,得到玛多县岩羊种群数量为8968只。对玛多县岩羊分布位置与环境因子的分析结果显示:岩羊偏好于选择海拔为4100～4200 m、距公路大于3 km、距悬崖峭壁200 m以内的区域活动。本研究利用无人机航拍样带调查估算黄河源玛多县岩羊种群数量与密度,并结合ArcGIS软件对其生境进行分析,将3S技术与野生动物调查相结合,为青藏高原地区大型野生动物相关研究提供了新思路。