Impact of land use changes on water quality in headwaters of the Three Gorges Reservoir

The assessment of spatial and temporal variation of water quality influenced by land use is necessary to manage the environment sustainably in basin scales. Understanding the correlations between land use and different formats of nonpoint source nutrients pollutants is a priority in order to assess pollutants loading and predicting the impact on surface water quality. Forest, upland, paddy field, and pasture are the dominant land use in the study area, and their land use pattern status has direct connection with nonpoint source (NPS) pollutant loading. In this study, two land use scenarios (1995 and 2010) were used to evaluate the impact of land use changes on NPS pollutants loading in basins upstream of Three Gorges Reservoir (TGR), using a calibrated and validated version of the soil and water assessment tool (SWAT) model. The Pengxi River is one of the largest tributaries of the Yangtze River upstream of the TGR, and the study area included the basins of the Dong and Puli Rivers, two major tributaries of the Pengxi River. The results indicated that the calibrated SWAT model could successfully reproduce the loading of NPS pollutants in the basins of the Dong and Puli Rivers. During the 16-year study period, the land use changed markedly with obvious increase of water body and construction. Average distance was used to measure relative distribution patterns of land use types to basin outlets. Forest was mainly distributed in upstream areas whereas other land use types, in particular, water bodies and construction areas were mainly distributed in downstream areas. The precipitation showed a non-significant influence on NPS pollutants loading; to the contrary, interaction between precipitation and land use were significant sources of variation. The different types of land use change were sensitive to NPS pollutants as well as land use pattern. The influence of background value of soil nutrient on NPS pollutants loading was evaluated in upland and paddy field. It was found that total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorous (TP) in upland were more sensitive to NPS pollutants loading than in paddy fields. The results of this study have implications for management of the TGR to reduce the loading of NPS pollutants into downstream water bodies.     

皂角苷和柠檬酸联合对市政污泥中重金属的去除与风险评价

污泥的重金属污染严重制约其资源化利用,为探讨皂角苷和柠檬酸联合淋洗去除污泥中重金属的效果,为污泥的资源化利用提供理论依据,以武汉市4个市政污泥样品(S1、S2、S3、S4)为研究对象,选取1％的皂角苷和0.1 mol/L的柠檬酸联合淋洗1?4次,对淋洗前后污泥中重金属Cu、Ni、Pb、Zn、Cd和Cr的含量和形态进行了...     

塘-湿地复合生态系统处理石油化工废水的效能

应用多级塘(厌氧塘,兼性塘,好氧塘和冬季储留塘)-湿地复合生态系统对石油化工废水进行强化处理和利用,处理能力10万m3/d.结果表明,多级塘-湿地复合生态系统在寒冷地区对石油化工废水处理效果良好,最终处理单元芦苇湿地出水的COD、BOD5、TN、NH4+-N、TP和石油类物质的平均值分别可达到75.08,7.51,10.63,5.12,0.5,4.63mg/L.植物生长季节(5～10月),系统对各污染物的去除效果均优于非植物生长季节.系统中的储留塘可实现污水在冬季(11月～翌年5月)的零排放,保证全年处理效果.     

春季香溪河库湾CODMn时空分布及其影响因子初探

于2012年春季在香溪河库湾合理布置断面观测,分析水体高锰酸盐指数(CODMn)的时空分布特征,并对CODMn与水体中叶绿素a、溶解氧(DO)、水体垂向稳定系数、总氮(TN)和溶解性硅酸盐(D Si)进行相关分析,以期为香溪河流域有机污染的治理提供支持和指导。结果表明：春季香溪河库湾CODMn浓度变化范围为1.40～5.36 mg/L,4月CODMn均值明显高于3月和5月,为366 mg/L,整个春季CODMn浓度从下游至上游呈现明显增大的趋势。相关分析发现,春季水华暴发期间,CODMn与叶绿素a显著正相关(分别为072和074),而在未暴发水华的3月二者的相关性不显著。浮游植物和水体稳定系数是影响CODMn变化的主要因素。倒灌异重流使得高含氮、低CODMn浓度的长江干流水体进入库湾下游并稀释CODMn浓度。CODMn与DO在3月和5月的弱相关关系为香溪河CODMn特殊的分布特征提供了其它合理的解释,其分布特征受多种因素的共同影响。春季库湾上游有机污染趋于恶化,限制支流特别是上游污染物的排放是改善有机污染现状的有效途径     

佳木斯台形变观测对东北地区几次浅震“场兆”异常的探讨

大地震在主破裂前往往行成地壳变形,高应力作用下进入峰值后的变形阶段,反映到地倾斜观测日均值曲线上,表现为固体潮形变趋势异常,这些异常能否指示远距离的地震,近年来不少研究者发现,远场前兆往往出现在对应力、应变变化反应灵敏的特殊构造部位。佳木斯台可能处于这种特殊的构造部位,对东北地区浅源地震短期前兆异常“场兆”的趋势性变化具有一定的意义。     

重金属Cu,Pb,Zn,Cr,Cd在水稻植株中的富集和分布

研究了外源可溶性重金属进入水稻土环境后，在水稻植株中的迁移、在水稻植株不同部位的分布及其分布随时间的变化。在水稻生长季节，重金属在水稻植株中迁移能力的大小依次为：Cd,Cr＞Zn,Cu＞Pb。重金属在水稻植株不同部位的积累分布是：根部＞根基茎＞主茎＞穗＞籽实＞叶部。水稻分蘖期重金属在根部、茎干部和叶片的积累量达到最大，随着时间的延长，在根部积累的重金属愈来愈少；在茎干部积累的重金属在拔节期降至最小，随后含量又稍微上升；叶片上的重金属含量在拔节期迅速下降，随后趋于稳定。     

聚合铁类絮剂絮凝作用机理作用

聚合铁类絮凝剂是目前水处理中最发展和应用前景的无机高分子絮凝剂，论文探索，讨论和评述了聚合铁类絮凝剂的絮凝作用机理，并对其研究方向、应用前景进行了展望。     

黔中岩溶地区草地下土壤CO_2含量的变化特征

全球碳循环中,CO_2的未知汇可能是陆地生态系统中某一部分,如土壤。土壤中CO_2的含量是大气的几倍至近百倍,它的吸收与释放将影响大气中的CO_2浓度。岩溶地区占全球陆地面积的1/15。对典型的岩溶地区——黔中某地土壤的CO_2进行了四季及昼夜的采样测定,结果表明,该地地表大气的CO_2含量具有季节变化的特征。土壤气中的CO_2浓度为大气CO_2浓度的几倍至一百多倍;自地表向下,随着土壤深度的增大,CO_2浓度升高。土壤CO_2含量的季节变化及昼夜变化,与土壤中CO_2来源和温度等因子变化有关。     

江苏台网尾波持续时间震级的初步研究

利用江苏台网15个地震台的84个地震DD-1短周期记录资料,通过m_(Lg)震级与持续时间τ和震中距Δ相关,得出该区持续时间震级M_D公式:M_D=a_0+0.44(lgτ)~2+0.00036Δ+DM这里,a_0为与记录分向和尾波截止水平有关的常数;DM为台站校正值。M_D标度内部单台标准差为0.09～0.10震级单位,M_D相对m_(Lg)的单台标准差为0.16～0.17震级单位。