重庆市1997年-2005年生态足迹与发展能力实证分析

生态足迹是一种定量测量人类对自然资源利用程度的全新方法。在介绍了生态足迹的概念和生态足迹的模型与生态系统经济发展能力以及目前的研究成果基础上,根据1998年-2006年的《重庆市统计年鉴》的资料数据,对重庆市1997年-2005年的生态足迹进行了实证计算与分析,结果表明重庆市从1997年的人均生态足迹由1.096ha/cap增加到2005年底的1.635ha/cap,人均生态赤字由1997年的0.9000ha/cap增加到2005年的1.2742ha/cap,9年间的增幅为41,5％,平均每年为6.1％;通过人均GDP与发展能力的回归分析表明,生态系统的经济发展能力是一个很好的反映重庆市经济系统状况的指标。     

水质模型参数识别与验证的探讨

参数识别与模型验证是水质模型应用的两个重要步骤。在对模型参数的本质含义进行辨析的基础上,对模型参数的时变性、集成性和可识别性进行了分析。采用科学哲学的方法,对水质模型验证的必要性和不足进行了讨论,指出虽然模型验证必不可少,但也不能证实模型本身就是实际物理和生化过程的反映,因此应充分地意识到“经过验证的”模型在预测中的风险。     

空气移动监测车仪器与空气自动站仪器的比对分析

河南省环境监测中心站利用空气移动监测车仪器对辖区内4家公司空气自动站的仪器进行比对,得出了空气移动监测车仪器与空气自动站仪器的SO2、NO2相对误差分别为：4.4%、-8.7%,仪器之间重复性和一致性均较好,由相关性检验得出,空气移动监测车仪器与4家公司空气自动站仪器比对数据相关性显著,为利用空气移动监测车仪器对空气自动站仪器进行质量控制和质量保证提供了借鉴意义。     

Performance of completely autotrophic nitrogen removal over nitrite process under different aeration modes and dissolved oxygen

In this study, three sequential batch biofilm reactors (SBBRs) were operated for 155 days to evaluate the performance of completely autotrophic nitrogen removal over nitrite (CANON) process under different aeration modes and dissolved oxygen (DO). Synthetic wastewater with 160-mg NH4 ⁺-N/L was fed into the reactors. In the continuously-aerated reactor, the efficiency of the ammonium nitrogen conversion and total nitrogen (TN) removal reached 80% and 70%, respectively, with DO between 0.8–1.0 mg/L. Whereas in the intermittently-aerated reactor, at the aeration/non-aeration ratio of 1.0, ammonium was always under the detection limit and 86% of TN was removed with DO between 2.0–2.5 mg/L during the aeration time. Results show that CANON could be achieved in both continuous and intermittent aeration pattern. However, to achieve the same nitrogen removal efficiency, the DO needed in the intermittently-aerated sequential batch biofilm reactor (SBBR) during the aeration period was higher than that in the continuously-aerated SBBR. In addition, the DO in the CANON system should be adjusted to the aeration mode, and low DO was not a prerequisite to CANON process.     

李文海与中国近代灾荒史研究述评

李文海是中国近代灾荒史研究的拓荒者,他对该学科在20世纪80年代后的重新起步、发展做出了重要贡献。此中因由,一方面是上世纪80年代史学的整体研究走向所致,另一方面也与李文海个人的史学理念、实践关系至密。李文海有关近代中国灾荒史的研究成果极为丰富,发表有系列独到观点,这主要体现在灾荒的成因、应对、影响以及灾荒学科价值等方面。在他的引领下,近数十年来我国近代灾荒研究取得了相当之进展,研究成果日渐丰硕,研究队伍日趋壮大。     

基于ARDL模型长三角碳排放、能源消费和经济增长关系研究

碳排放量、能源消费量和经济增长间存在着密切的关系。长三角地区(研究该区域为上海、浙江、江苏,简称长三角,下同）碳减排措施的实施是否会影响长三角地区的经济增长,能源消费量、能源结构和碳排放量间存在何种联系,这些均是在长三角碳减排政策制定中亟待考虑的问题。利用1990~2010年,长三角的能源经济样本数据,使用ARDL模型和格兰杰因果检验模型（Granger）定量的研究了上述几个因素之间的关系。研究发现：当碳排放量、能源消费和经济增长分别为回归变量时,均存在其它解释变量和每个回归变量间的长期稳定的协整关系。在长期关系中,存在经济增长对碳排放量的负向弹性影响。能源消费对经济增长的影响为正,能源消费每增长1%,经济增长0.67%。碳排放量对经济增长的长期影响为负,碳排放量每增长1%,经济则减少0.49%。Granger因果关系的研究表明：滞后长度分别为3,4时,存在从经济增长到能源消费和碳排放量倒的单向因果关系。不存在从能源消费和碳排放量到经济增长的单向因果关系,且亦不存在碳排放量和能源消费的双向因果关系。在长三角,制定和实施适当的节能减排政策将不会阻碍该地区经济增长。节能减排政策的制定,应首先考虑能源结构优化,降低长三角高碳能源的消费比重     

Effect of organic material on field-scale emissions of 1,3-dichloropropene

Soil fumigation is important for growing many fruits and vegetable crops, but fumigant emissions may contaminate the atmosphere. A large-scale field experiment was initiated to test the hypothesis that adding composted municipal green waste to the soil surface in an agricultural field would reduce atmospheric emissions of the 1,3-dichloropropene (1,3-D) after shank injection at a 133 kg ha(-1) application rate. Three micrometeorological methods were used to obtain fumigant flux density and cumulative emission values. The volatilization rate was measured continuously for 16 d, and the daily peak volatilization rates for the three methods ranged from 12 to 24 μg m(-2) s(-1). The total 1,3-D mass that volatilized to the atmosphere was approximately 14 to 68 kg, or 3 to 8% of the applied active ingredient. This represents an approximately 75 to 90% reduction in the total emissions compared with other recent field, field-plot, and laboratory studies. Significant reductions in the volatilization of 1,3-D may be possible when composted municipal green waste is applied to an agricultural field. This methodology also provides a beneficial use and disposal mechanism for composted vegetative material.     

Forest Ecosystem Services and Eco-Compensation Mechanisms in China

Forests are a major terrestrial ecosystem providing multiple ecosystem services. However, the importance of forests is frequently underestimated from an economic perspective because of the externalities and public good properties of these services. Forest eco-compensation is a transfer mechanism that serves to internalize the externalities of forest ecosystem services by compensating individuals or companies for the losses or costs resulting from the provision of these services. China’s current forest eco-compensation system is centered mainly on noncommercial forest. The primary measures associated with ecosystem services are (1) a charge on destructive activities, such as indiscriminate logging, and (2) compensation for individual or local activities and investments in forest conservation. The Compensation Fund System for Forest Ecological Benefits was first listed in the Forest Law of the People’s Republic of China in 1998. In 2004, the Central Government Financial Compensation Fund, an important source for the Compensation Fund for Forest Ecological Benefits, was formally established. To improve the forest eco-compensation system, it is crucial to design and establish compensation criteria for noncommercial forests. These criteria should take both theoretical and practical concerns into account, and they should be based on the quantitative valuation of ecosystem services. Although some initial headway has been made on this task, the implementation of an effective forest eco-compensation system in China still has deficiencies and still faces problems. Implementing classification-based and dynamic management for key noncommercial forests and establishing an eco-compensation mechanism with multiple funding sources in the market economy are the key measures needed to conquer these problems and improve the forest eco-compensation system and China’s forestry development in sequence.     

不同尺度下耕地土壤Cr含量的空间自相关性分析

以山东省禹城市耕地土壤重金属铬(Cr)元素为例,采用Moran’s I统计量对县级和镇级两个不同取样尺度下Cr含量的空间自相关关系、空间相关尺度和空间分布规律进行了对比研究.结果表明:1)随着研究尺度的增大,Cr含量的变异系数增加,块基比(C0/Sill)减小,空间结构性增强;2)两个尺度下Cr含量Moran’s I指数都大于0,表明研究区内两个尺度下的Cr含量都存在空间正自相关,且Moran’s I指数随着研究尺度的增加而增大;3)Lisa聚类图表明,两个尺度下Cr含量都存在空间聚集区和空间孤立区,其中"高—高"空间聚集和"低—高"空间孤立区域存在潜在Cr污染风险.研究表明小尺度下能够观察到大尺度下观察不到的细微差别,研究可为土壤重金属环境质量评价和重金属污染防治提供重要参考.图4表2参23     

硫酸锰废渣浸出液对斑马鱼的毒性及抗氧化酶活性的影响

已有研究表明,堆积在湘西花垣河河岸的硫酸锰废渣含有多种重金属,可能是导致花垣河河水和沉积物重金属污染的主要原因.为了评价硫酸锰废渣的潜在生态风险和对水生动物的毒性,本研究分析了硫酸锰废渣浸出液中的主要重金属成分,用漫出液对斑马鱼进行了急性毒性实验,观察在急性胁迫下斑马鱼的体征变化,测定了斑马鱼在亚致死浓度下的生化指标的...