污泥吸附剂对3种染料吸附动力学的研究

以污水厂脱水污泥、锯末和焦油的混合物为原料,选择ZnCl₂为活化剂制备出过渡孔发达、强度大的污泥吸附剂（S-AC）。借助BET、FT-IR等现代分析测试方法对污泥吸附剂进行表征,同时,研究了吸附剂对酸性大红、中性红和碱性品红吸附动力学行为。结果表明,制得的污泥吸附剂BET比表面积为358 m²/g,强度大于89%。吸附剂的动力学数据均符合伪二阶动力学方程、液膜扩散方程和颗粒内扩散方程,其中液膜扩散为吸附剂对酸性大红吸附过程的主控步骤,颗粒内扩散为吸附剂对中性红和碱性品红吸附过程的主控步骤。     

聚二甲基二烯丙基氯化铵与聚合硫酸铁复合絮凝剂的制备及应用研究

在一定温度下 ,将聚二甲基二烯丙基氯化铵 (PDMDAAC)溶解在聚合硫酸铁 (PFS)中 ,制成稳定的均相复合溶液。采用FT IR和X 射线衍射对其固体结构进行了分析。考察了液体复合絮凝剂的稳定性和固体复合絮凝剂的吸湿溶解性能 ,及其对生活污水的处理效果。结果表明 :在 6 0℃以下制备的液体复合絮凝剂具有良好的稳定性 ,固体复合絮凝剂具有良好的溶解性和比PFS更强的吸湿性 ;复合絮凝剂不是由PDMDAAC与PFS简单的机械混和 ,而是互相融合的复合体系 ;具有比PFS更优的去污性能和与PFS类似的较宽的最佳投药范围和 pH适用范围。对浊度和COD分别为 10 5 2和 187 5mg/L ,pH值为 7 5 9的生活污水 ,复合絮凝剂中Fe3 + 和PDMDAAC最佳用量分别为 5 4 .15和 4 2 7mg/L ,对COD的去除率为 77 14 % ,比PFS在用量为 81 2 2mg/L时的最佳效果高 12 %。     

Estimation and characterization of PCDD/Fs and dioxin-like PCBs from Chinese iron foundries

The iron foundry industry is considered to be a potential source of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs). This study investigated the emission factors and total emission amounts of PCDD/Fs and dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (DL-PCBs) from iron foundries in China. The concentrations and the World Health Organization toxicity equivalents (WHO-TEQs) are presented and the congener profiles are discussed in this paper.In the present work, 26 fly ash samples were collected and tested to quantify the PCDD/Fs and DL-PCBs generated by 14 plants of different scales, and five stack gas samples were collected from two (named as EFG and LFG) of those plants. The emission levels of PCDD/Fs and DL-PCBs indicated that hot-air cupolas had lower emissions than cold-air cupolas. When iron ore lump and sinter were used as raw material, the emission factors were about 250 ng TEQ t⁻¹ of product. However, if the raw material was scrap, the emission factors varied owing to the different contents of organic materials in the raw materials. It was found that the mean WHO-TEQ values of PCDD/Fs and DL-PCBs were 144 and 34.2 pg Nm⁻³ in stack gas and 20.0 and 1.58 pg g⁻¹ in fly ash. In multiple tests, it was estimated that the mean emission factors of PCDD/Fs and DL-PCBs were 365 and 10.9 ng WHO-TEQ t⁻¹ released to residue and 2719 and 555 ng TEQ t⁻¹ released to air. The total emission amounts of PCDD/Fs and DL-PCBs from Chinese iron foundries with cupola furnaces released to residue and air were 16.8 and 146 g WHO-TEQ in 2008, respectively.     

一体化间歇曝气完全混合活性污泥法

一体化间歇曝气完全混合活性污泥法处理装置采取特殊的沉淀区构造,改变了活性污泥的循环流动方式,通过间歇曝气,反应区交替处于好氧/缺氧状态,达到了有机物高效去除、高效硝化反硝化及控制污泥膨胀的效果.该方法具有出水水质好、运行稳定、能耗低、流程简洁和操作管理方便的特点,是一种很有发展潜力的一体化中小型生活污水、城市污水处理系统.     

Estimation and characterization of unintentionally produced persistent organic pollutant emission from converter steelmaking processes

Unintentionally produced persistent organic pollutants (UP-POPs) including polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins, and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and polychlorinated naphthalenes (PCNs) were characterized and quantified in stack gas and fly ash from the second ventilation systems in five typical converters in five different steelmaking plants. The 2378-substituted PCDD/Fs (2378-PCDD/Fs) and dioxin-like PCB (dl-PCBs) toxic equivalents (TEQs) were 1.84–10.3 pg WHO-TEQ Nm^?3 in the stack gas and 5.59–87.6 pg WHO-TEQ g^?1 in the fly ash, and the PCN TEQs were 0.06–0.56 pg TEQ Nm^?3 in the stack gas and 0.03–0.08 pg TEQ g^?1 in the fly ash. The concentrations of UP-POPs in the present study were generally lower than those in other metallurgical processes, such as electric arc furnaces, iron ore sintering, and secondary metallurgical processes. Adding scrap metal might increase UP-POP emissions, indicating that raw material composition was a key influence on emissions. HxCDF, HpCDF, OCDF, HpCDD, and OCDD were the dominant PCDD/Fs in the stack gas and fly ash. TeCB and PeCB were dominant in the stack gas, but HxCB provided more to the total PCB concentrations in the fly ash. The lower chlorinated PCNs were dominant in all of the samples. The 2378-PCDD/F, dl-PCB, and PCN emission factors in stack gases from the steelmaking converter processes (per ton of steel produced) were 1.88–2.89, 0.14–0.76_, and 229–759 μg t^?1, respectively.     

Effect of applying chemical fertilizers on forms of lead and cadmium in red soil

A three-month incubation study was undertaken to examine the influence of N, P and K on the various forms (soluble plus exchangeable (SE), weakly specifically adsorbed (WSA), Fe-Mn oxides bound (OX), organic matter complexed (OM) and residual fractions (RES)) of lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd) in a red soil. Application of urea at the rate of 200 mg N/kg significantly lowered the SE fraction, but raised the WSA or OX fraction of both metals. Supply of 80 mg P/kg caused a decrease in the SE fraction of the two metals. The WSA fraction of Pb was reduced, whereas that of Cd increased by adding P. However, addition of 100 mg K/kg led to an increase in the SE fraction, but a decrease in the WSA fraction of Pb and Cd. Applying chemical fertilizers had no significant consistent influences on the other fractions of metals. These findings suggest that in heavy metal contaminated red soil, applying fertilizers does not only provide plant nutrients, but may also change the speciations and thus biovailability of heavy metals.     

典型化工集中区环境空气SVOCs污染特征及来源解析

于冬春两季在华东3个典型石化化工集中区设置环境空气观测点,利用PUF大气被动采样技术(PUF-PAS)采集大气中半挥发性有机化合物(SVOCs),使用气相色谱-质谱联用仪(GC-MS)进行分析.获得59种SVOCs的浓度,包括25种多环芳烃(PAHs)、24种正构烷烃及10种藿烷,并结合主成分分析和特征比值法解析PAHs来源.结果表明:①各观测点正构烷烃贡献率最高,其次是PAHs,分别超过60％和30％;②根据各化合物冬春季浓度变化并结合风向进行分析,推测正构烷烃C18、C29 αβ-藿烷和C30αβ-藿烷与石油化工排放有关;③PAHs单体以菲(Phe)、荧蒽(Fla)、萘(Nap)、芴(Flu)和芘(Pyr)为主,合计占比高达90.0％;④主成分分析显示观测点PAHs主要来自化石燃料燃烧、机动车尾气和石化工艺排放等,3类来源对PAHs的贡献率分别为56.0％、19.2％和8.6％,基于特征比值法的PAHs来源解析予以了验证.     

浅谈生物资源平衡与生态平衡

地球是一个具有一定自洁、自我修复功能的大生态系统,它由各种植物、动物、人类、微生物有机的组成,维持着自然界的生态平衡。而大量的人类活动给地球的生态平衡产生了较大影响,特别是明显加快的城市化进程,使得这种平衡逐渐受到不可逆的破坏。论文重点分析了城市化给生态平衡所带来的问题,并由此提出了从生物链的角度建立生物资源平衡,从而实现新的生态平衡。将城市污染物的资源化和生态平衡联系起来,通过建立生物资源补充机制、改变城市垃圾和污水的处理方法等措施,促进生物资源平衡,在相对较大的范围内实现人类发展与自然相协调,实现可持续发展。     

利用生物操纵与人工湿地技术改善新建大房郢水库水质的实践

2005～2006年,在蓄水初期的大房郢水库采用投放滤食性鱼类鱼种、移殖螺、蚌、浅水区移植沉水植物、上游湿地扩大香蒲生长面积、消落区以上范围栽培杨树林和防护带等生物操纵与人工湿地技术相结合的方法改善水质的研究,结果表明：自2005年以来,该水库未再出现过蓝藻水华,水体富营养化得到了有效控制,水质已基本稳定在中-富营养型水平。由此认为,利用生物操纵与人工湿地技术结合为改善大房郢水库水质发挥了重要作用。     

辽河水体有机污染来源判别

为探讨掌握辽河水体中有机物污染及污染水平,并通过典型有机物作为标志,进行污染来源判别。本研究采用气相色谱(GC-FID,GC-ECD)、气相色谱-质谱联机(GC-MS)技术对西辽河到红庙子12个点位的水样进行了四大类有机物分析。结果表明:辽宁省内河水石油烃类污染是非常明显且普遍的。辽河水污染是混合型的,工业含油废水排放,交通运输石油滴漏,城镇市政废水排放,工农业生产和家庭生活用煤作能源,热源等是主要污染来源。