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111.
In spite of widespread support from most member countries’ societies for European Union policy, including support for the
sustainable development idea, in many EU countries the levels of acceptance of new environmental protection programmes have
been and, in particular in new member states, still are considerably low. The experience of the countries which were the first
to implement union directives show that they cannot be effectively applied without widespread public participation. The goal
of this study was, using the example of Poland, to assess public acceptance of the expansion of nature conservation in the
context of sustainable development principles and to discover whether existing nature governance should be modified when establishing
new protected areas. The increase in protected areas in Poland has become a hotbed of numerous conflicts. In spite of the
generally favourable attitudes to nature which Polish people generally have, Natura 2000 is perceived as an unnecessary additional
conservation tool. Both local authorities and communities residing in the Natura areas think that the programme is a hindrance,
rather than a help in the economic development of municipalities or regions, as was initially supposed. This lack of acceptance
results from many factors, mainly social, historic and economic. The implications of these findings for current approach to
the nature governance in Poland are discussed. 相似文献
112.
Restoring Forests and Associated Ecosystem Services on Appalachian Coal Surface Mines 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Zipper CE Burger JA Skousen JG Angel PN Barton CD Davis V Franklin JA 《Environmental management》2011,47(5):751-765
Surface coal mining in Appalachia has caused extensive replacement of forest with non-forested land cover, much of which is
unmanaged and unproductive. Although forested ecosystems are valued by society for both marketable products and ecosystem
services, forests have not been restored on most Appalachian mined lands because traditional reclamation practices, encouraged
by regulatory policies, created conditions poorly suited for reforestation. Reclamation scientists have studied productive
forests growing on older mine sites, established forest vegetation experimentally on recent mines, and identified mine reclamation
practices that encourage forest vegetation re-establishment. Based on these findings, they developed a Forestry Reclamation
Approach (FRA) that can be employed by coal mining firms to restore forest vegetation. Scientists and mine regulators, working
collaboratively, have communicated the FRA to the coal industry and to regulatory enforcement personnel. Today, the FRA is
used routinely by many coal mining firms, and thousands of mined hectares have been reclaimed to restore productive mine soils
and planted with native forest trees. Reclamation of coal mines using the FRA is expected to restore these lands’ capabilities
to provide forest-based ecosystem services, such as wood production, atmospheric carbon sequestration, wildlife habitat, watershed
protection, and water quality protection to a greater extent than conventional reclamation practices. 相似文献
113.
The acorn barnacle, Semibalanus balanoides, is thought to release larvae in response to phytoplankton blooms, but there is evidence that another, unidentified cue for
release may exist. We conducted high-frequency sampling in Little Harbor, Massachusetts, USA, to determine whether early-stage
larval abundance was related to several environmental variables, and to characterize vertical distributions of the larvae.
Larval concentrations peaked at 2.52 and 1.02 individuals l−1 during two storms. Larvae were more abundant near the surface than near the bottom. We suggest the hypothesis that turbid
conditions and upward-swimming behavior may protect newly-released larvae from predation and cannibalism. Future studies should
test this hypothesis with barnacles and other invertebrates. 相似文献
114.
Background
Over the past 20 years, genetically modified organisms (GMOs) have raised enormous expectations, passionate political controversies and an ongoing debate on how these technologies should be assessed. Current risk assessment procedures generally assess GMOs in terms of their potential risk of negatively affecting human health and the environment. Can this risk-benefit approach deliver a robust assessment of GMOs? In this paper, we question the validity of current risk assessment from both a social and an ecological perspective, and we elaborate an alternative approach, namely in-context trajectory evaluation. This paper combines frame analysis, context analysis and ecosocial analysis to three different case studies.Results
Applying frame analysis to Syngenta's recent campaign 'Bring plant potential to life', we first de-construct the technosocial imaginaries driving GMOs innovation, showing how the latter endorses the technological fix of socioeconomic problems whilst reinforcing the neoliberal sociopolitical paradigm. Applying context analysis to biopharming in New Zealand, we then explore local practices and knowledge, showing that particularities of context typically omitted from risk assessment processes play a key role in determining both the risks and the potential benefits of a technology. Finally, drawing from the Italian case, we outline through ecosocial analysis how the lack of long-term studies, further aggravated by current methodological deficiencies, prevent risk assessment from considering not only how GMOs affect the environmental context but also, and most importantly, the way people live in, and interact with, this context.Conclusion
Incorporating frame analysis, context analysis and ecosocial analysis, in the form of in-context trajectory evaluation, into the assessment of GMOs can improve the social compatibility, political accountability and ecological sustainability of its outcomes. 相似文献115.
Joanna Kurpiewska Krzysztof M. Benczek 《International journal of occupational safety and ergonomics》2013,19(1):117-120
A few aspects of skin protection against ultraviolet (UV) light and methods of assessing efficacy of UV-protecting cream or gels have been discussed. UV-protection in cream and gels is not only a strategy of the cosmetic industry but a necessity because of human occupational activity and daily habits. 相似文献
116.
Joanna Ejdys Agata Lulewicz-Sas 《International journal of occupational safety and ergonomics》2013,19(4):445-454
The concept of an occupational health and safety management system (OH&S MS) has become widespread over the past 20 years. However, there are few studies on the subject, they are generally methodologically weak and in many cases cannot be generalized. A formalized OH&S MS is a set of rules and connected elements of the general organization management system which guarantees accomplishment of the organization?s objectives in the area of upgrading safety conditions of both employees and the environment. The need for research on voluntary management systems stems from the necessity to propagate appropriate solutions and their continuous development processes. This paper discusses an OH&S MS as a source of data and essential information on the process of developing a system. It examines the relationship between the degree to which the requirements of Standard No. PN-N-18001:2004 have been adapted and the demand for health and safety data and information. 相似文献
117.
Joanna M. Setchell Marie J. E. Charpentier Issa-Ben Bedjabaga Patricia Reed E. Jean Wickings Leslie A. Knapp 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》2006,61(2):305-315
Honest advertisement models of sexual selection propose that exaggerated secondary sexual ornaments are condition-dependent, and that only individuals with superior disease resistance will be able to express costly ornamentation. Studies of secondary sexual ornamentation and their maintenance by sexual selection tend to focus on males. However, females may also possess showy ornaments. We investigated whether female ornaments, in the form of sexual swellings, reliably signal female fitness in a semifree-ranging colony of mandrills (Mandrillus sphinx) at the Centre International de Recherches Médicales, Franceville (CIRMF), Gabon. We measured swelling height and width using photographs of periovulatory females over three mating seasons and compared swelling size with parasitism (using fecal analysis over one annual cycle), immune status (ratio of lymphocytes to neutrophils in blood smears made during captures), and genetic diversity (microsatellite heterozygosity). Swelling size varied by up to 10% between cycles in individual females, giving some support to the hypothesis that size differences may indicate the quality of individual swelling cycles. However, there was no significant difference in swelling size between conceptive and nonconceptive cycles. Measures of swelling size varied more between females than within females across swelling cycles, implying that swelling size was a relatively consistent characteristic of individual females. Swelling size was not significantly related to either general measures of parasitism and immune status, or to the closest available measures to each swelling cycle. Nor was swelling size significantly related to genetic diversity. The healthy, provisioned nature of the colony and problems associated with observational, correlational studies restrict interpretation of our data. However, in combination with previous findings that females of higher reproductive success do not show larger swellings, and that males do not allocate mating effort as a function of swelling size, these results imply that sexual swelling size does not indicate female quality in these semifree-ranging mandrills. 相似文献
118.
R. P. Wilson A. E. Burger B. L. H. Wilson M. -P. T. Wilson C. Nöldeke 《Marine Biology》1989,103(2):275-283
Current models of time-at-depth gauges are so expensive that few can be deployed and only limited data obtained. We describe an inexpensive depth gauge for use on marine animals, which we tested on diving birds. The device was constructed from components costing $2 (US); and had a mass of 6 g. The gauge employs photographic film to record the depth-dependent position of a light emitting diode. The total time that the animal spends at each depth underwater can be determined. 相似文献
119.
Response of soil catalase activity to chromium contamination 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
The impact of chromium(III) and (VI) forms on soil catalase activity was presented. The Orthic Podzol, Haplic Phaeozem and Mollic
Gleysol from di erent depths were used in the experiment. The soil samples were amended with solution of Cr(III) using CrCl3, and
with Cr(VI) using K2Cr2O7 in the concentration range from 0 to 20 mg/kg, whereas the samples without the addition of chromium
served as control. Catalase activity was assayed by one of the commonly used spectrophotometric methods. As it was demonstrated
in the experiment, both Cr(III) and Cr(VI) have an ability to reduce soil catalase activity. A chromium dosage of 20 mg/kg caused the
inhibition of catalase activity and the corresponding contamination levels ranged from 75% to 92% for Cr(III) and 68% to 76% for
Cr(VI), with relation to the control. Catalase activity reached maximum in the soil material from surface layers (0–25 cm), typically
characterized by the highest content of organic matter creating favorable conditions for microorganisms. 相似文献
120.
A biomonitoring plan for assessing potential radionuclide exposure using Amchitka Island in the Aleutian chain of Alaska as a case study 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
With the ending of the Cold War, the US and other nations were faced with a legacy of nuclear wastes. For some sites where hazardous nuclear wastes will remain in place, methods must be developed to protect human health and the environment. Biomonitoring is one method of assessing the status and trends of potential radionuclide exposure from nuclear waste sites, and of providing the public with early warning of any potential harmful exposure. Amchitka Island (51 degrees N lat, 179 degrees E long) was the site of three underground nuclear tests from 1965 to 1971. Following a substantive study of radionuclide levels in biota from the marine environment around Amchitka and a reference site, we developed a suite of bioindicators (with suggested isotopes) that can serve as a model for other sites contaminated with radionuclides. Although the species selection was site-specific, the methods can provide a framework for other sites. We selected bioindicators using five criteria: (1) occurrence at all three test shots (and reference site), (2) receptor groups (subsistence foods, commercial species, and food chain nodes), (3) species groups (plants, invertebrates, fish, and birds), (4) trophic levels, and (5) an accumulator of one or several radionuclides. Our major objective was to identify bioindicators that could serve for both human health and the ecosystem, and were abundant enough to collect adjacent to the three test sites and at the reference site. Site-specific information on both biota availability and isotope levels was essential in the final selection of bioindicators. Actinides bioaccumulated in algae and invertebrates, while radiocesium accumulated in higher trophic level birds and fish. Thus, unlike biomonitoring schemes developed for heavy metals or other contaminants, top-level predators are not sufficient to evaluate potential radionuclide exposure at Amchitka. The process described in this paper resulted in the selection of Fucus, Alaria fistulosa, blue mussel (Mytilus trossulus), dolly varden (Salvelinus malma), black rockfish (Sebastes melanops), Pacific cod (Gadus macrocephalus), Pacific halibut (Hippoglossus stenolepis), and glaucous-winged gull (Larus glaucescens) as bioindicators. This combination of species included mainly subsistence foods, commercial fish, and nodes on different food chains. 相似文献