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排序方式: 共有319条查询结果,搜索用时 31 毫秒
271.
Matthew I. England Andrew J. Dougill Lindsay C. Stringer Katharine E. Vincent Joanna Pardoe Felix K. Kalaba David D. Mkwambisi Emilinah Namaganda Stavros Afionis 《Regional Environmental Change》2018,18(7):2059-2071
To be effective, climate change adaptation needs to be mainstreamed across multiple sectors and greater policy coherence is essential. Using the cases of Malawi, Tanzania and Zambia, this paper investigates the extent of coherence in national policies across the water and agriculture sectors and to climate change adaptation goals outlined in national development plans. A two-pronged qualitative approach is applied using Qualitative Document Analysis of relevant policies and plans, combined with expert interviews from non-government actors in each country. Findings show that sector policies have differing degrees of coherence on climate change adaptation, currently being strongest in Zambia and weakest in Tanzania. We also identify that sectoral policies remain more coherent in addressing immediate-term disaster management issues of floods and droughts rather than longer-term strategies for climate adaptation. Coherence between sector and climate policies and strategies is strongest when the latter has been more recently developed. However to date, this has largely been achieved by repackaging of existing sectoral policy statements into climate policies drafted by external consultants to meet international reporting needs and not by the establishment of new connections between national sectoral planning processes. For more effective mainstreaming of climate change adaptation, governments need to actively embrace longer-term cross-sectoral planning through cross-Ministerial structures, such as initiated through Zambia’s Interim Climate Change Secretariat, to foster greater policy coherence and integrated adaptation planning. 相似文献
272.
Joanna Burger Chirag D. Trivedi Michael Gochfeld 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2000,64(3):569-581
We examined the tissue distribution ofmetals in the herring (Larus argentatus) andgreat black-backed (Larus marinus) gullsobtained near the John F. Kennedy Airport, on LongIsland, New York, to determine whether there werespecies differences and whether levels in the saltgland were sufficiently high to suggest that thisorgan may be serving an excretory function. For mostorgans, herring gulls had significantly higher levelsof lead (except for liver), but significantly lowerlevels of mercury (except in the salt gland) thangreat black-backed gulls. For all metals exceptarsenic, there were significant differences inconcentrations among tissues for both species. Greatblack-backed gulls had much higher concentrations ofcadmium in kidney than in any other organ and this wasmuch higher than the level in herring gulls; herringgulls had much higher levels than black-backs of leadin salt glands. For both species, concentrations inkidney, liver and salt gland were generally higherthan in heart muscle or pectoral muscle. For herringgulls, the concentrations of all metals in the saltglands were not significantly different from the organwith the highest values (liver or kidney). For greatblack-backed gulls this was true only for lead,selenium, chromium, and mercury. We examined theratio of metals in all organs to the liverconcentration. Very low ratios (<0.25) were foundfor lead in heart and muscle of both species, andselenium in heart and muscle of herring gulls. Highratios (>2) included lead (2.75:1) and cadmium(14.3:1) in kidney of black-backs. In greatblack-backs the kidney:salt gland ratio was >1.5:1except for mercury (1.31:1) and chromium (0.83:1),while in herring gulls all ratios were between 0.7 and1.2, except for mercury (0.46:1), reflecting therelatively higher concentrations of metals in the saltgland of this species. We suggest that most heavymetals seem to be concentrating in the salt glands ofgulls, within an order of magnitude of the kidneyconcentration, and that salt glands may be serving asignificant excretory function for these cations. 相似文献
273.
Paul S. Addison John I. Currie David J. Low Joanna M. McCann 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2000,65(1-2):333-342
An integrated method for the prediction of the spatial pollution distribution within a street canyon directly from a microscopic traffic simulation model is outlined. The traffic simulation package Paramics is used to model the flow of vehicles in realistic traffic conditions on a real road network. This produces details of the amount of pollutant produced by each vehicle at any given time. The authors calculate the dispersion of the pollutant using a particle tracking diffusion method which is superimposed on a known velocity and turbulence field. This paper shows how these individual components may be integrated to provide a practical street canyon pollution model. The resulting street canyon pollution model provides isoconcentrations of pollutant within the road topography. 相似文献
274.
Natural resource protection on buffer lands: integrating resource evaluation and economics 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Environmental managers are faced with the wise management, sustainability, and stewardship of their land for natural resource values. This task requires the integration of ecological evaluation with economics. Using the Department of Energy (DOE) as a case study, we examine the why, who, what, where, when, and how questions about assessment and natural resource protection of buffer lands. We suggest that managers evaluate natural resources for a variety of reasons that revolve around land use, remediation/restoration, protection of natural environments, and natural resource damage assessment (NRDA). While DOE is the manager of its lands, and thus its natural resources, a range of natural resource trustees and public officials have co-responsibility. We distinguish four types of natural resource evaluations: (1) the resources themselves (to the ecosystem), (2) the value of specific resources to people (e.g. hunting/fishing/bird-watching/herbal medicines), (3) the value of ecological resources to services for communities (e.g. clean air/water), and (4) the value of the intact ecosystems (e.g. forests or estuaries). Resource evaluations should occur initially to provide information about the status of those resources, and continued evaluation is required to provide trends data. Additional natural resource evaluation is required before, during and immediately following changes in land use, and remediation or restoration. Afterwards, additional monitoring and evaluations are required to evaluate the effects of the land use change or the efficacy of remediation/restoration. There are a wide range of economic methods available to evaluate natural resources, but the methods chosen depend upon the nature of the resource being evaluated, the purpose of the evaluation, and the needs of the agencies, natural resource trustees, public officials, and the public. We discuss the uses, and the advantages and disadvantages of different evaluation methods for natural resources. 相似文献
275.
The health of horseshoe crab (Limulus polyphemus) eggs is important not only to maintain horseshoe crab populations, but because they are a resource for higher trophic levels, such as fish and shorebirds. We examined the concentrations of arsenic, cadmium, chromium, lead, manganese, mercury, and selenium in the eggs of horseshoe crabs from Delaware Bay (between New Jersey and Delaware, USA) in 1993, 1994, 1995, 1999, 2000, and 2012 to determine if there were significant temporal changes and if levels appear to pose a health risk to the crabs themselves, or to predators that consume them. All metal levels declined in horseshoe crab eggs between 1994 and 2012, although the declines were much less consistent for lead and chromium than that for mercury and cadmium. Levels of contaminants found in these eggs are well below those known to cause adverse effects in the crabs themselves or to organisms that consume them, such as migrating shorebirds. 相似文献
276.
Mietelski JW Golec EB Tomankiewicz E Golec J Nowak S Szczygiel E Brudecki K 《Journal of environmental radioactivity》2011,102(6):559-565
The paper presents a new sampling method for studying in-body radioactive contamination by bone-seeking radionuclides such as 90Sr, 239+240Pu, 238Pu, 241Am and selected gamma-emitters, in human bones. The presented results were obtained for samples retrieved from routine surgeries, namely knee or hip joints replacements with implants, performed on individuals from Southern Poland. This allowed to collect representative sets of general public samples. The applied analytical radiochemical procedure for bone matrix is described in details. Due to low concentrations of 238Pu the ratio of Pu isotopes which might be used for Pu source identification is obtained only as upper limits other then global fallout (for example Chernobyl) origin of Pu. Calculated concentrations of radioisotopes are comparable to the existing data from post-mortem studies on human bones retrieved from autopsy or exhumations. Human bones removed during knee or hip joint surgery provide a simple and ethical way for obtaining samples for plutonium, americium and 90Sr in-body contamination studies in general public. 相似文献
277.
Joanna M. T. Krajewski Amy C. Schumacher Kajsa E. Dalrymple 《Environmental Communication: A Journal of Nature and Culture》2019,13(2):255-275
Water is essential for human life, yet safe drinking water is a limited resource. Critical to fighting the global water crisis are public awareness campaigns, including Public Service Announcements (PSAs). While YouTube has become a popular medium for disseminating prosocial content such as PSAs, environmental communication efforts on this platform remain largely uninvestigated. This study examines the content and characteristics of global water crisis PSAs on YouTube by applying two communication models: the Extended Parallel Process Model, and the Elaboration Likelihood Model. These models are used to evaluate the potential effectiveness of the PSAs. Content analysis reveals that threat messages often outweigh efficacy messages in the videos, central route processing cues are more prevalent than peripheral route cues, and a focus on quality or quantity issues differed by sponsoring organization (non-profit, for-profit, government). Implications and avenues for potential future research are discussed. 相似文献
278.
Szczęsna Dorota Wieczorek Katarzyna Jurewicz Joanna 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2023,30(6):13974-13993
Environmental Science and Pollution Research - Widespread exposure to persistent pollutants can disrupt the bodies’ natural endocrine functions and contribute to reproductive diseases like... 相似文献
279.
Burger J Murray S Gaines KF Novak JM Punshon T Dixon C Gochfeld M 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2006,112(1-3):35-52
Levels of 18 elements, including lead, mercury, selenium, and uranium, were examined in three species of snakes from an exposed
and reference site on the Department of Energy's Savannah River Site in South Carolina. We tested the hypotheses that there
were no differences as a function of species, and there were no difference between the exposed and control site for blood
and muscle (tail) samples for banded water snake (Nerodia fasciata), brown water snake (N. taxispilota) and cottonmouth (Akistrodon piscivorous). The banded water snakes collected were significantly smaller than the other two species. For blood, there were significant
species differences only for barium, copper, selenium, uranium and zinc, while for muscle tissue there were significant interspecific
differences in aluminum, arsenic, barium, cobalt, cesium, copper, iron, lead, mercury, manganese, strontium, vanadium and
zinc, suggesting that muscle tissue in the tail is a better indicator of potential interspecific differences. It is also easier
logistically to collect tail tissue than blood. Where one species had significantly higher levels than the other species in
muscle tissue levels, cottonmouth had higherlevels of five elements (aluminum, cobalt, lead, mercury, vanadium), brown water
snake had two (lead, strontium), and banded water snake had only barium. There were few significant differences between the
control and reference site for levels of blood, but several for muscle tissue. All three species had significantly higher
levels of arsenic and manganese at Tim's Branch than the reference site, and nickel and uranium were significantly higher
for banded watersnake and cottonmouth, the larger species. Individuals with high exposure of one element were exposed to high
levels of other elements. 相似文献
280.
We predict the decadal change in position of three American Samoa mangroves from analysis of a time series of remotely sensed
imagery, a geographic information system, tide gauge data, and projections for change in sea-level relative to the mangrove
surface. Accurate predictions of changes to coastal ecosystem boundaries, including in response to projected relative sea-level
rise, enable advanced planning to minimize and offset anticipated losses and minimize social disruption and cost of reducing
threats to coastal development and human safety. The observed mean landward migration of three mangroves' seaward margins
over four decades was 25, 64, and 72mma−1, 12 to 37 times the observed relative sea-level rise rate. Two of the sites had clear trends in reductions in mangrove area,
where there was a highly significant correlation between the change in position of the seaward mangrove margin and change
in relative sea-level. Here it can be inferred that the force of sea-level rise relative to the mangrove surface is causing
landward migration. Shoreline movement was variable at a third site and not significantly correlated with changing sea-level,
where it is likely that forces other than change in relative sea-level are predominant. Currently, 16.5%, 23.4%, and 68.0%
of the three mangroves' landward margins are obstructed by coastal development from natural landward migration. The three
mangroves could experience as high as a 50.0% reduction in area by the year 2100. A 12% reduction in mangrove area by the
year 2100 is possible in the Pacific islands region. 相似文献