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161.
Preservation of sulfidic waters containing dissolved As(III) 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Solutions containing variable concentrations of sulfide (0 to 31 ppm) and arsenite (0.35 to 10 ppm) were subjected to several different preservation treatments. As predicted by equilibrium thermodynamics, at near-neutral pH the experimental solutions were undersaturated with respect to orpiment (As2S3). However, upon acidification to pH 2 with HCl or HNO3, instantaneous precipitation of poorly crystalline As2S3 occurred in sulfidic solutions which resulted in the loss of dissolved arsenite. These results have implications concerning the practice of acidifying water samples containing hydrogen sulfide with HCl or HNO3 for the purpose of preserving total arsenic values. If a near-neutral water sample contains 1 ppm arsenite and as little as 0.4 ppm sulfide, loss of dissolved arsenic will occur upon acidification. An alternative three-step preservation method involving base addition, oxidation, and acidification is proposed and investigated as an appropriate technique for preserving sulfide-bearing aqueous samples for total arsenic. 相似文献
162.
Four Illinois communities with different sociode-mographic compositions and at various stages of planning for solid waste
management were surveyed to determine the influence of sociodemographic variables and planning stages on the factors that
motivate recycling behavior. A factor analysis of importance ratings of reasons for recycling and for not recycling yielded
five factors interpreted as altruism, personal inconvenience, social influences, economic incentives, and household storage.
The four communities were shown to be significantly different in multivariate analyses of the five motivational factors. However,
attempts to explain these community differences with regression analyses, which predicted the motivational factors with dummy
codes for planning stages, a measure of self-reported recycling behavior, and sociodemographic measures were unsatisfactory.
Contrary to expectation, the solid waste management planning stages of the cities (curbside pickup, recycling dropoff center,
and planning in progress) contributed only very slightly to the prediction of motivational factors for recycling. Community
differences were better explained by different underlying motivational structures among the four communities. Altruistic reasons
for recycling (e.g., conserving resources) composed the only factor which was similar across the four communities. This factor
was also perceived to be the most important reason for recycling by respondents from all four communities. The results of
the study supported the notion that convenient, voluntary recycling programs that rely on environmental concern and conscience
for motivation are useful approaches to reducing waste. 相似文献
163.
Bacteriophages MS-2 and PRD-1 were used as indicators of human viral behaviour in a series of turf-grass irrigation and washing
machine experiments to provide information about the level of human exposure to potential residual enteric viruses in recycled
water that can affect health. Results provided evidence to support a potential inadvertent exposure volume of 0.01 ml for
recycled water used for machine clothes washing. Results for irrigation experiments showed that a one log reduction in bacteriophage
numbers on turf-grass was not achieved under exposure to high solar conditions after 4 h. Experimentation showed that bacteriophages
may be usefully employed in exposure assessment studies based on the ease of their enumeration and logistical and cost considerations.
In terms of future studies, observed differences in individual bacteriophage characteristics provide a rationale for using
multiple viral indicators. However, limitations on the utility of bacteriophage also need to be considered. 相似文献
164.
Alexandra E. D. Wells Joanne Sneddon Julie A. Lee Dominique Blache 《Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics》2011,24(6):645-658
The study explored the motivations behind Australian wool producers’ intentions regarding mulesing; a surgical procedure that
will be voluntarily phased out after 2010, following retailer boycotts led by People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals.
Telephone interviews were conducted with 22 West Australian wool producers and consultants to elicit their behavioral, normative
and control beliefs about mulesing and alternative methods of breech strike prevention. Results indicate that approximately
half the interviewees intend to continue mulesing, despite attitudes toward the act of mulesing being quite negative. This
indicates that attitudes alone are unlikely to be good predictors of this goal directed behavior. Most respondents believed mulesing was more effective and involved less cost, time, and effort than the currently
available alternatives to prevent breech strike. Further, they felt relatively little social pressure, as they believed few
consumers were concerned about mulesing. However, they noted that if consumer sentiment changed they would likely change their
practices. Thus, attitudes are likely to be only one of several factors influencing intentions to change farm practices to
address societal concerns about animal welfare. Further, mulesing appears to be goal-directed behavior, suggesting that other factors depicted by the Model of Goal-directed Behavior (MGB; Perugini and Bagozzi In: Br J Soc Psychol,
40: 79–98, 2001) may be worth exploring in this context. Finally, these results provide insight into how policy makers may influence farmers
to change practices in response to societal pressure for improving farm animal welfare. 相似文献
165.
Joanne Ellis 《Safety Science》2011,49(8-9):1231-1237
The release of packaged or containerized dangerous goods during transport can have serious consequences on board a ship. This study was focused on identifying factors contributing to these types of releases and on investigating the contribution of dangerous goods accidents to overall container ship accident rates. Records of dangerous goods releases from a US and a UK database for an 11-year period covering 1998–2008 were analyzed to identify and categorize main contributing factors. The majority of releases, estimated as 97% of the US events and 94% of the UK events, did not follow another primary accident type such as a collision. Faults that occurred during activities such as preparation of the goods for transport, packaging, stuffing containers, and loading the ship were main factors contributing to the release of the dangerous goods on board the ship. For container ship casualties occurring worldwide during the same period, 1998–2008, accidents involving packaged dangerous goods were estimated to account for 15% of all fatalities. Self-ignition or ignition of incorrectly declared dangerous goods was identified as a contributing factor for the fatal accidents. Ensuring that dangerous goods are correctly prepared and documented for marine transport is thus very important for preventing releases and improving on board safety. 相似文献
166.
Calderón R. Palma P. Arancibia-Miranda N. Kim Un-Jung Silva-Moreno E. Kannan K. 《Environmental geochemistry and health》2022,44(2):527-535
Environmental Geochemistry and Health - Perchlorate (ClO4?) has been identified as a persistent environmental contaminant of concern. Perchlorate exposure is a potential health concern... 相似文献