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排序方式: 共有151条查询结果,搜索用时 468 毫秒
61.
Markus Hildenbrand Ludwig Luckner Ulf Jenk Jochen Schreyer 《Environmental Sciences Europe》1997,9(6):333-338
As a result of former in situ leaching activities with sulfphuric acid, nitroaromatic compounds have invaded into cenomanian and turonian sandstone aquifers and mining waters in parts of the uranium mining of Königstein, Germany (Saxony). In the mining area contamination levels of nitrobenzene, mononitrotoluene and dinitrotoluene lead to a partial excess in the drining water guide values. For environmental protection, control and remediation efforts by flooding, more knowledge about contaminant mobility in sandstone, and in intercalated clays and silts, is demanded. A selected experimental area has been flooded to realize and study transport processes under real mining conditions. In this work, we have examined the mobilization of nitroaromatic compounds by flooding waters. The interactions between the nitroaromatic compounds, which are dissolved in the mining water, and the host rocks are discussed. The existing data for strata of varying lithologic conditions suggest that the sorption processes of the compounds investigated are negligible in pure sandstone aquifer layers and significant in the lithologic conditions with a complex mixture of mudstone, siltstone and clay. Several lithologic conditions are demonstrated in contaminant sinks and sources caused by adsorption processes and mobilization of newly connected stagnant pore waters. 相似文献
62.
Eleni Kampragou Styliani Apostolaki Eleni Manoli Jochen Froebrich Dionysis AssimacopoulosAuthor vitae 《Environmental Science & Policy》2011,14(7):815-824
Drought is recognized as a major issue in the EU, particularly in the Mediterranean region, posing risks to the environment as well as to local and regional economies. The EU policy on water management is continuously evolving, particularly in relation to water scarcity and drought. Starting with the Water Framework Directive (2000/60/EC), which sets the general policy framework for water management across the EU, the EC Communication on Water Scarcity and Drought COM(2007) 414 final set the priorities for managing water scarcity and drought risks. Three follow-up reports (COM(2008) 875 final, COM(2010) 228 final and COM(2011) 133) highlighted achievements and yearly progress within the context of the implementation of the Water Framework Directive, whereas guidance has further been provided through the issue of Technical Reports (e.g. the EC Water Scarcity Drafting Group Technical Report 2008–023 on Drought Management, Including agricultural, drought indicators and climate change aspects). The 2012 EU Water Review (“Blue Print for Safeguarding European Waters” will assess achievements and identify further requirements towards long-term sustainable water use across the EU. However, a harmonized approach on drought risk management at the EU level is still lacking, whereas drought risk in several countries and regions has not been yet fully integrated in water management and relevant sectoral policies.This paper focuses on a proposed paradigm shift from crisis to risk management, which is currently gaining ground as a means of reducing societal vulnerability to droughts. The paper underlines the importance of engaging into risk assessment and management practices and identifies policy gaps and requirements for further improvement of the drought management policy framework at all levels of governance: at the EU, at the national and at the river basin and regional levels. 相似文献
63.
A. H. M. Selim Reza Jiin-Shuh Jean Huai-Jen Yang Ming-Kuo Lee Hua-Fen Hsu Chia-Chuan Liu Yao-Chang Lee Jochen Bundschuh Kao-Hong Lin Chi-Yu Lee 《Environmental geochemistry and health》2011,33(3):235-258
Humic substances in groundwater and aquifer sediments from the arsenicosis and Blackfoot disease (BFD) affected areas in Bangladesh
(Bengal delta plain) and Taiwan (Lanyang plain and Chianan plain) were characterized using fluorescence spectrophotometry
and Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy. The results demonstrate that the mean concentration of As and relative
intensity of fluorescent humic substances are higher in the Chianan plain groundwater than those in the Lanyang plain and
Bengal delta plain groundwater. The mean As concentrations in Bengal delta plain, Chianan plain, and Lanyang plain are 50.65 μg/l
(2.8–170.8 μg/l, n = 20), 393 μg/l (9–704 μg/l, n = 5), and 104.5 μg/l (2.51–543 μg/l, n = 6), respectively. Average concentrations and relative fluorescent intensity of humic substances in groundwater are 25.381 QSU
(quinine standard unit) and 17.78 in the Bengal delta plain, 184.032 QSU and 128.41 in the Chianan plain, and 77.56 QSU and
53.43 in the Lanyang plain. Moreover, FT-IR analysis shows that the humic substances extracted from the Chianan plain groundwater
contain phenolic, alkanes, aromatic ring and amine groups, which tend to form metal carbon bonds with As and other trace elements.
By contrast, the spectra show that humic substances are largely absent from sediments and groundwater in the Bengal delta
plain and Lanyang plain. The data suggest that the reductive dissolution of As-adsorbed Mn oxyhydroxides is the most probable
mechanism for mobilization of As in the Bengal delta plain. However, in the Chianan plain and Lanyang plain, microbially mediated
reductive dissolution of As-adsorbed amorphous/crystalline Fe oxyhydroxides in organic-rich sediments is the primary mechanism
for releasing As to groundwater. High levels of As and humic substances possibly play a critical role in causing the unique
BFD in the Chianan plain of SW Taiwan. 相似文献
64.
Ariel G. Spanowicz Fernanda Zimmermann Teixeira Jochen A. G. Jaeger 《Conservation biology》2020,34(5):1210-1220
Mortality of animals on roads is a critical threat to many wildlife populations and is poised to increase strongly because of ongoing and planned road construction. If these new roads cannot be avoided, effective mitigation measures will be necessary to stop biodiversity decline. Fencing along roads effectively reduces roadkill and is often used in combination with wildlife passages. Because fencing the entire road is not always possible due to financial constraints, high-frequency roadkill areas are often identified to inform the placement of fencing. We devised an adaptive fence-implementation plan to prioritize road sections for fencing. In this framework, areas along roads of high, moderate, and low levels of animal mortality (respectively, roadkill hotspots, warmspots, and coldspots) are identified at multiple scales (i.e., in circles of different diameters [200–2000 m] in which mortality frequency is measured). Fence deployment is based on the relationship between the amount of fencing being added to the road, starting with the strongest roadkill hotspots, and potential reduction in road mortality (displayed in mortality-reduction graphs). We applied our approach to empirical and simulated spatial patterns of wildlife–vehicle collisions. The scale used for analysis affected the number and spatial extent of roadkill hot-, warm-, and coldspots. At fine scales (e.g., 200 m), more hotspots were identified than at coarse scales (e.g., 2000 m), but combined the fine-scale hotspots covered less road and less fencing was needed to reduce road mortality. However, many short fences may be less effective in practice due to a fence-end effect (i.e., animals moving around the fence more easily), resulting in a trade-off between few long and many short fences, which we call the FLOMS (few-long-or-many-short) fences trade-off. Thresholds in the mortality-reduction graphs occurred for some roadkill patterns, but not for others. Thresholds may be useful to consider when determining road-mitigation targets. The existence of thresholds at multiple scales and the FLOMS trade-off have important implications for biodiversity conservation. 相似文献
65.
66.
Jinsong Zhao Reinhard Joas Jochen Abel Tomas Marques Johanna Suikkanen 《Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries》2013,26(5):880-886
While process safety regulations and standards have been in place in western countries for more than two decades, China has only recently started to officially embrace these issues with the adoption of its Process Safety Management (PSM) regulation AQ/T 3034-2010 (SAWS, 2010). However, compliance with this regulatory framework requires substantial resources and may therefore appear too complex to be efficiently implemented by small and medium sized enterprises (SMEs) in the chemical sector. This is of particular relevance as about 99% of chemical companies in China are SMEs, accounting for more than 80% of all chemical accidents. To address this issue, additional local regulations and planning activities related to process safety have been implemented in China, including the establishment of hundreds of chemical industry parks. Some of the process safety problems faced by chemical industry parks are identified and discussed in this paper. To help solve these problems, UNEP's “Responsible Production approach for Chemical Hazards Management along the Value-Chain” is introduced in this paper and suggested as a simplified PSM approach targeted specifically at SMEs which, regardless of handling hazardous chemicals in their daily operations, may not have the knowledge or capacity to efficiently implement PSM and may not fall in the scope of the PSM regulation AQ/T 3034-2010. By introducing PSM to SMEs in a more manageable way, relevant steps can be progressively implemented by companies towards full compliance with the current regulatory framework, contributing to increased safety in chemical industry parks in China. 相似文献
67.
Minerals on earth whose crystalline order has been reduced by radioactive decay of contained atoms are termed “metamict.”
They are rare and few because in most crystalline solids, atoms and vacancies are relatively mobile at terrestrial temperatures,
and radiation damage tends to be self-annealing. This is not the case in the extreme cold of deep space. Below roughly 100 K,
reduced vacancy mobility allows cosmic ray and solar wind induced lattice defects to endure and accumulate for eons, reaching
energy densities of up to MJ kg−1 in some materials. We examine the possible effects of the release of energy stored in cold deep-space materials when solid-state
defects recombine upon warming due to impacts, gravitational infall, or perihelion. Dimensional analysis suggests energetic
defect recombination in radiation-damaged “xenomict” solids in comets, and planetesimals may, in some circumstances, raise
internal temperatures enough to melt ice and volatilize frozen gases. We speculate that this may account for some cometary
outbursts and Deep Impact experiment results. Calorimetric experiments on appropriately irradiated natural and synthetic materials
are needed to further quantify these mechanisms. 相似文献
68.
69.
Bartkow ME Kennedy KE Huckins JN Holling N Komarova T Müller JF 《Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)》2006,144(2):371-376
Semi-permeable membrane devices (SPMDs) were loaded with deuterated anthracene and pyrene as performance reference compounds (PRCs) and deployed at a test site in four different chambers (open and closed box chamber, bowl chamber and cage chamber) for 29 days. The losses of PRCs and the uptake of polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) from the ambient air were quantified. UV-B levels measured in each deployment chamber indicated that SPMDs would be exposed to the most UV-B in the cage chamber and open box chamber. Significantly less PAHs were quantified in SPMDs deployed in the cage chamber and open box chamber compared to samplers from the other two chambers, suggesting that photodegradation of PAHs had occurred. The loss of PRCs confirmed these results but also showed that photodegradation was occurring in the closed box chamber. The bowl chamber appears to provide the best protection from the influence of direct photodegradation. 相似文献
70.
Bi H Rissik D Macova M Hearn L Mueller JF Escher B 《Journal of environmental monitoring : JEM》2011,13(3):713-720
In March 2009, a cargo ship spilled 250 tons of heavy fuel oil off the Queensland coast of Australia. The pristine National Park Moreton Island, seven nautical miles to the east of the spill site, was most affected by the oil slick. Contamination of the island's shoreline was widespread, with freshwater wetlands particularly slow to recover as clean-up needed to be carefully managed to avoid damage to this sensitive ecosystem. During the clean-up process on Moreton Island a monitoring program was initiated using traditional chemical analysis in combination with bioanalytical techniques to assess the extent and variability in contamination at sites on the shoreline and freshwater wetlands. Water accommodated fractions (WAF) of oil residues from samples taken directly after the spill on the shoreline showed the same level of toxic potency as samples from the wetland while baseline-toxicity equivalent concentrations (baseline-TEQ) and 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzodioxin equivalent concentrations (TCDDEQ) were much lower in oil collected from the sandy beach. The umuC assay for genotoxicity and the E-SCREEN assay for estrogenic effects indicated the extracts were not genotoxic or estrogenic. PAH concentrations and toxicity in grab water samples were below detectable levels, however, extracts from time integrated silicone passive samplers deployed for several weeks at the contaminated sites gave measurable responses in the bioassays with TCDDEQ levels increased relative to the control site. The low levels of baseline-TEQ and TCDDEQ present after 8 months had further decreased 6 months later indicating satisfactory recovery of this pristine ecosystem after an oil spill. 相似文献