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41.
Staff M Sheppeard V Abeywardana S Forssman B Rutherford A Mueller JF Paepke O 《Chemosphere》2012,88(3):316-322
Background
A total of 265 000 m3 of dioxin contaminated soil and sediments from past industrial activity was treated on site in an urban setting in Sydney, Australia. To respond to local community concerns about potential dioxin exposure from fugitive emissions a human biomonitoring study was undertaken.Objective
To determine whether local residents were exposed to significant amounts of dioxin from the remediation process.Methods: Blood samples were collected from local residents around the site and a representative metropolitan control group. They were pooled within age and sex strata and the change in dioxin concentrations over the remediation period and a summary of the mid point and post remediation dioxin concentrations were compared between groups. Information on dietary intake was collected to look for possible confounding.Results
The mean dioxin Toxic Equivalent concentrations (TeQ) decreased among both the local resident and control groups over the remediation period by 1.9 and 2.1 pg gm−1 lipid respectively. Modelled blood concentrations adjusting for age and sex did not detect a significant difference between groups for changes in either TeQ or 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (2,3,7,8 TCDD). The summary measure approach did however demonstrate that the 2,3,7,8 TCDD concentrations among the local resident group was approximately 0.7 pg g−1 lipid higher compared to the control group post remediation. There were no significant changes in dietary intake sources of dioxin.Conclusion
Biomonitoring demonstrated that local residents were not exposed to significant quantities of dioxin. Large scale remediation of dioxin contaminated land can be safely undertaken in an urban setting. 相似文献42.
Jochen Kurz Florian Eberle Tobias GraumannMariel-Esther Kaschel Aline SährFrank Neumann Alexander H. DalpkeLothar Erdinger 《Chemosphere》2011,84(9):1188-1193
TiO2 coated surfaces are able to generate highly reactive oxidizing species under mild UV-A light exposure in the presence of water and oxygen. We have demonstrated that these radicals are sufficient to eliminate different pathogenic bacteria, by breaking their cell walls. The photocatalytic activity of surfaces coated with titanium dioxide offers therefore an alternative possibility of disinfection. However, restriction of bacterial growth does not protect surfaces from bacterial derived contaminations, such as endotoxins. Lipopolysaccharides (LPS) and Ribonuclease A (RNAse A) represent the two most abundant contaminations, causing severe problems in biomedical and immunological research as well as in the pharmaceutical industry. Due to their high stability, complete removal of these contaminants is technically challenging. Using irradiated TiO2 coated glass plates, RNAse A and LPS containing contaminations could be completely inactivated. By establishing highly sensitive immuno-based assays, destruction of the contaminants was quantified and shown to be independent of the initial concentrations, following a zero-order reaction. Exposure for 96 h resulted in a reduction of 11 ng of LPS and 7 units of RNase A cm−2 surface. These amounts are comparable to contamination levels found under standard working conditions. Titanium dioxide coatings provide therefore a powerful tool for auto-disinfection and self-cleaning of surfaces. 相似文献
43.
Jochen Stutz Kam Weng Wong Laura Lawrence Luke Ziemba James H. Flynn Bernhard Rappenglück Barry Lefer 《Atmospheric environment (Oxford, England : 1994)》2010,44(33):4099-4106
Radical chemistry in the nocturnal urban boundary layer is dominated by the nitrate radical, NO3, which oxidizes hydrocarbons and, through the aerosol uptake of N2O5, indirectly influences the nitrogen budget. The impact of NO3 chemistry on polluted atmospheres and urban air quality is, however, not well understood, due to a lack of observations and the strong impact of vertical stability of the boundary layer, which makes nocturnal chemistry highly altitude dependent.Here we present long-path DOAS observations of the vertical distribution of the key nocturnal species O3, NO2, and NO3 during the TRAMP experiment in Summer 2006 in Houston, TX. Our observations confirm the altitude dependence of nocturnal chemistry, which is reflected in the concentration profiles of all trace gases at night. In contrast to other study locations, NO3 chemistry in Houston is dominated by industrial emissions of alkenes, in particular of isoprene, isobutene, and sporadically 1,3-butadiene, which are responsible for more than 70% of the nocturnal NO3 loss. The nocturnally averaged loss of NOx in the lowest 300 m of the Houston atmosphere is ~0.9 ppb h?1, with little day-to-day variability. A comparison with the daytime NOx loss shows that NO3 chemistry is responsible for 16–50% of the NOx loss in a 24-h period in the lowest 300 m of the atmosphere. The importance of the NO3 + isoprene/1,3-butadiene reactions implies the efficient formation of organic nitrates and secondary organic aerosol at night in Houston. 相似文献
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45.
Efficient environmental protection requires global, as well as regional ecological strategies. During the last decade numerous attempts at regional and global environmental protection have been made. But industrial environmental protection is still, above all, a national matter. National emission limit values and international technological standards still neglect to a large extent the regional aspects of pollution prevention. Recent normative texts (international standards, European directives) can be seen as the first step to filling this gap. They represent different evolutionary stages on the way from merely technocentric to regionally integrated environmental protection. We investigate the potential of some of these normative texts to operationalise regional environmental strategies. For this purpose we will provide a framework for evaluation centred on the following questions: ? Is the installation/project/organisation perceived as part of its specific environment? ? Can local immission standards be developed on the basis of a functional classification of ecosystems? ? Are methods of integrated ecological evaluation supported? The framework will be applied to examine the European directives on Environmental Impact Assessment and Integrated Pollution Prevention and Control and two ISO (International Standardisation Organisation) standards on Environmental Management Systems (ISO 14001 and 14004) with regard to basic requirements for operationalising integrated regional environmental protection. 相似文献
46.
The construction industry annually experiences one of the highest fatality rates among the industrial sectors in the United States. The factors that contribute to this reputation include the nature of the work, human behavior, the tools and equipment involved, and also the compact work zones. Industrial fatalities are investigated by the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA). While OSHA groups the causes of fatalities into a few general categories, too little information is gleaned to effectively target specific problem areas.To improve safety performance in the construction industry, it is necessary to understand the underlying causes of accidents. With targeted analysis, patterns emerge and causal factors can be identified. These findings may then be used to form the basis for recommendations that will help to improve construction worker safety. Little research has been conducted in this area.Research was conducted that isolated fatalities in which vision or lack of good visibility was the principle factor or contributing cause. The objective of examining the details surrounding these fatalities was to uncover the contributing factors and to identify the agents that compromised visibility. The study identified 659 fatality accidents from a data pool of 13511 OSHA-investigated cases. It was discovered that blind spots, obstructions and lighting conditions were the most common factors contributing to vision-related fatalities. This research also analyzed the specific conditions associated with particular pieces of construction equipment. 相似文献
47.
An ideal solvent for CO2 capture by chemical absorption has to meet a number of requirements, such as high CO2 capacity, high rate of reaction, low costs, low corrosive behaviour, low degradation and low vapour pressure; above all, it has to show a low regeneration heat duty. This heat can be approximated as the sum of three terms: the sensible heat to raise the solvent from absorber to desorber temperature, the heat of evaporation required to produce the stripping steam in the reboiler, and the heat necessary to desorb the CO2 from the solution (heat of absorption).Many solvent screening studies focus almost exclusively on solvents that show a low heat of absorption. In these studies, the strong dependence of the three contributors to the overall regeneration heat duty on the chosen process parameters and on one another are often neglected.This work explains why the focus on solvents with a low heat of absorption, without considering the overall process, is not sufficient in quantifying the energy performance of alternative solvents. By using thermodynamic interrelations and underpinned by process simulations it is shown that operating parameters of the process, in particular the desorber pressure, must be taken into consideration in the evaluation of new solvents. 相似文献
48.
In the framework of an EU project on sustainable village development in China (SUCCESS), the natural climate resource was evaluated. Climate is seen as a potential for sustainability, an improvement of social life, agricultural production and reduction of air pollution problems. In this respect, thermal comfort conditions, microclimates and ventilation patterns were studied in seven Chinese villages and climate maps were drawn. Following planning recommendations, they can be transferred to decision-makers for their village development. In this framework, the paper presents a general methodology of urban climate mapping, carried out in China, applicable to all countries and climates. 相似文献
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