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951.
Masahiko Matsuda 《Environment, Development and Sustainability》2011,13(1):51-64
This study aims to estimate the intensification of rice farming in Myanmar particularly due to chemical fertilizer application,
using farm-level data obtained from field surveys conducted in the 2000s. Relatively high-input rice farming was found in
dry season crop in the delta zone and the double crop in well-irrigated lowlands of the central dry zone. The chemical fertilizer
used there was about 88–159 kg NPK (nitrogen, N; phosphate, P2O5; and potash, K2O) ha−1 (76–110 kg nitrogen (N) ha−1), and the average paddy yield ranged from 2.8 to 3.5 ton ha−1. On the other hand, nutrient input in survey sites of rain-fed lowland was between 11 and 53 kg NPK ha−1 (5 and 36 kg N ha−1), and the yield ranged from 1.1 to 2.3 ton ha−1. The national average of paddy yield and nutrient input of fertilizer was roughly estimated to be around 2.4 ton ha−1 and 60 kg NPK ha−1, respectively. A gap was observed between these calculated values and the official statistics. A comparison of fertilizer
use efficiency for rice production in Myanmar with that in China and Vietnam has shown that the efficiency in Myanmar has
not declined to an inappropriate level even in its intensive ones. Rice production in Myanmar has room for increasing the
yield by capital intensification. Nevertheless, considering its sustainability as well as productivity, further intensification
in rice farming technology in irrigated lowlands of Myanmar may neither be the best nor the only way. 相似文献
952.
Mohammad Sharif Zami 《Environment, Development and Sustainability》2011,13(6):993-1006
Addressing urban housing crisis is an enormous challenge for most of the countries due to the increasing cost of the building
material. Therefore, affordable alternative building material can make a breakthrough to the urban housing crisis. In the
light of current success of stabilised earth construction in urban low-cost housing, it is important to find out the potential
drivers that can help to adopt this building material. This paper aims to identify and highlight these drivers from the method
of literature review and validates through a Delphi technique. 相似文献
953.
The developing countries i.e., the non-Annex-I countries (parties to the Kyoto Protocol but not responsible to any reduction
target yet) in the Kyoto Protocol whose economies are in transition are also allowed to reduce GHG emissions. Among these,
the countries that have accepted the Kyoto Protocol may be benefited from CDM projects to promote sustainable development.
The developed countries i.e., the Annex-I countries (that have signed the Kyoto Protocol & are responsible to have specific
GHG emission reduction target) or the investing countries, in return, have privilege to purchase CER credits (in units equivalent
to one tonne of CO2 gas emission reduction) to meet the emission target as specified in the Kyoto Protocol. The key step in understanding about
CDM is to grasp the concept of “baseline” and “additionality”. The “Baseline” is the emissions level that would have existed if a CDM project had not happened. The feature of an approved CDM project
is that the planned reductions would not occur without the additional incentive provided by emission reduction credits; this
concept is known as “Additionality”. According to environmental additionality concept, baseline emission minus project emission is equal to emissions reduction.
“Investment Additionality,” ultimately rejected during negotiation of the “Marrakech Accords” and “Financial Additionality,” are the two important concepts. The concept of trading of CER matches to the idea of Pigovian tax (equal to the negative externality and which is considered one of the “traditional” means of bringing a modicum of market
forces) in Economics, making pollution more costly to the polluter, as the polluters have negative cost since they save money
by polluting; hence, there are supposed negative externalities associated with the market activity. Economic theory predicts
that in an economy where the cost of reaching mutual agreement between parties is high and where pollution is diffuse, Pigovian
tax will be an efficient way to promote the public interest and will lead to an improvement of the quality of life measured
by the Genuine Progress Indicator and other human economic indicators, as well as higher gross domestic product growth. We
can seek a level of pollution such that the marginal savings (MS) to one polluting unit from pollution (−MC) is equal to marginal
damage (MD) from pollution over the entire population, since pollution is a public bad i.e., MS (x*) = ∑MDi (x*) where ∑Di (x) is the total damage. Though the responsibility of reduction in emission does not lie on the non-Annex-I countries, still
effort of maintaining global emission balance can be expected equally from developed and developing countries. The responsibilities
of Kyoto Protocol are (a) to reduce global GHG emissions, (b) to bring about sustainable development in the developing countries
lie on above two groups since its effect on February 16, 2005. Different polluters have different costs of pollution control.
The least costly way of controlling pollution from various sources that reflects different costs of pollution control making
the set of environmental regulations to achieve the emission target at the lowest cost makes the regulation cost-effective.
Though efficiency is not attainable for many regulations, cost-effectiveness is attainable. 相似文献
954.
P. Valkering R. van der Brugge A. Offermans N. Rijkens-Klomp 《Regional Environmental Change》2011,11(2):229-241
Climate adaptation is a complex task surrounded by uncertainty. To support climate adaptation policies, a new scenario approach
is pursued to explore possible discontinuous future developments of societal perspectives on climate adaptation issues. The
scenario approach was tested for a case study on Dutch river management. In a series of scenario development workshops, a
select group of stakeholders explored the perspectives on the management of the River Meuse in the past, present, and future.
The process was supported by an analytical perspectives mapping tool to illustrate and analyze the development of perspectives
over time. The process and analytical tools contributed to insight into the drivers of perspective change for the case study
at hand. Moreover, the stakeholders highlighted the potential of the approach for water management policy for creating awareness
about the plurality of perspectives and the dynamics of perspective change, monitoring perspectives and perspective change
as part of a flexible policy approach, and anticipating on the occurrence of shock events. Further work is required to better
represent the social dynamics of perspectives change, to better empirically ground the perspective change model, and to apply
integrated water models in the scenario development process to assess water–society interactions. 相似文献
955.
Anthropogenic biomass burning in insular Southeast Asia facilitates conversion and degradation of ecosystems and emits high amounts of carbon into the atmosphere. We analyzed the influence of peat soil and land cover distribution on the occurrence and characteristics of vegetation fires. Two years of satellite-based active fire detections over Peninsular Malaysia, Sumatra, Borneo and Java were examined together with land cover and peatland maps. Our results showed that fire occurrence nearly tripled (23,000 → 68,000) from a wet La Niña year (2008) to a drier El Niño year (2009). In both years, fires were concentrated in peatlands (in 2009 41% of fires vs. 10% of land area), and the majority of large-scale burning took place in peatlands. Variation in peatland land cover within the study area was noticed to create remarkable different fire regimes. Biomass burning in the intensely managed Sumatran peatlands was characterized by large-scale land clearance fires that took place annually to varying extent. The largely unmanaged degraded peatland ecosystems of Borneo, on the other hand, experienced very little fire activity in a wet year but were ravaged by large-scale wildfires when El Niño conditions arose. We conclude that fire regime characteristics in insular Southeast Asia are strongly connected to occurrence of peat soil and land management status. This leads to high variation of fire activity within this region both annually (depending on weather patters) and over longer time range (depending on land cover/management issues) and greatly complicates estimation of the effects of fires. 相似文献
956.
James S. Risbey 《Regional Environmental Change》2011,11(1):197-203
Water resources in Australia are sensitive to changes in rainfall. Ongoing droughts in south-west and south-east Australia are stressing water resources in the major cities and in agricultural regions. Climate change scenarios for Australia include reasonable prospects of long-term drying, which would exacerbate these issues. The dryer scenarios would entail major readjustments and costs on natural and human systems. 相似文献
957.
958.
Payments for Environmental Services in Latin America as a Tool for Restoration and Rural Development
Payments for Environmental Services (PES) can encourage projects that enhance restoration, production, and rural development.
When projects promote differentiated systems by paying farmers for the provision of services, the application of PES requires
evaluation of the environmental services provided by each system. We present evaluations of carbon stocks and biodiversity
in pure and mixed native tree plantations in Costa Rica. To illustrate how monetary values can be assigned, we discuss a project
that awarded PES to silvopastoral systems in Costa Rica, Nicaragua, and Colombia based on carbon stocks and biodiversity.
PES can promote positive environmental attitudes in farmers. Currently this project is being scaled up in Colombia based on
their positive experiences with PES as a tool to promote adoption. Compared to PES systems that include only one environmental
service, systems that incorporate bundling or layering of multiple services can make sustainable land uses more attractive
to farmers and reduce perverse incentives. 相似文献
959.
960.
This study projected responses of forest net primary productivity (NPP) to three climate change scenarios at a resolution
of 5 km × 5 km across the state of Louisiana, USA. In addition, we assessed uncertainties associated with the NPP projection
at the grid and state levels. Climate data of the scenarios were derived from Community Climate System Model outputs. Changes
in annual NPP between 2000 and 2050 were projected with the forest ecosystem model PnET-II. Results showed that forest productivity
would increase under climate change scenarios A1B and A2, but with scenario B1, it would peak during 2011–2020 and then decline.
The projected average NPP under B1 over the years from 2000 to 2050 was significantly different from those under A1B and A2.
Forest NPP appeared to be primarily a function of temperature, not precipitation. Uncertainties of the NPP projection were
due to large spatial resolution of the climate variables. Overall, this study suggested that in order to project effects of
climate change on forest ecosystem at regional level, modeling uncertainties could be reduced by increasing the spatial resolution
of the climate projections. 相似文献