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951.
José Gianottp Guillermo Stettler Ernesto Haggp Adriana Pajares Sonia G. Bertolotti Norman A. García 《毒物与环境化学》2013,95(3-4):461-470
Nonylphenol (nonyl‐P) belongs to the classification of persistent organic pollutants. In this work we demonstrate that the contaminant suffers photooxygenation when exposed to visible light Eosin‐photosensitized irradiation. The mechanism was identified as a singlet molecular oxygen‐mediated photooxidation. Rate constants for the process, determined by time‐resolved phosphorescence detection of singlet molecular oxygen, are in the range 105‐107 M‐1 s‐1, depending on the characteristics of the reaction medium. The photooxidative process is more efficient when performed in highly polar alkaline medium. The aggregation of nonyl‐P molecules in pure water decreases the rates of sensitized photooxidation of nonyl‐P and also those of polychlorophenolic contaminants, employed as photooxidizable model compounds, when photolyzed in the presence of nonylphenol. These results are discussed in terms of a micellar effect. 相似文献
952.
Ana Mendon?a Concei??o Juana Fortes Rui Capit?o Maria da Gra?a Neves Theo Moura José Sim?o Antunes do Carmo 《Journal of Coastal Conservation》2012,16(4):543-553
This paper describes an application of the Boussinesq-type COULWAVE model to study the wave hydrodynamics in the vicinity of a multi-functional artificial reef (MFAR). This reef is under investigation and consists of a supplementary protection solution for the Leirosa sand dune system located at South of Figueira da Foz, on the Portuguese West coast. Such installation near the coastline is expected to contribute to enhance the surfing conditions in the area, protect the sand dune system in the surroundings of Leirosa beach, and increase its environmental value. Numerical calculations with the COULWAVE model were performed for four test cases, considering two reef geometries (differing in the reef angle) and two incident wave conditions (storm condition and a common wave condition). Comparisons between the results obtained, in terms of wave heights and breaking line positions allow us to assess the influence of the reef on the hydrodynamics near the beach and around the reef. Moreover, the reef performance was analysed in terms of surfability and coastal protection. The surfability parameters (breaker height, Iribarren number and peel angle) were calculated for each test case using the numerical wave heights, wave directions and wave breaking positions. Comparisons of parameters allow characterizing the most appropriate configuration of the reef to improve the surfing conditions in the study area. A methodology based on numerical free surface elevations and horizontal velocity components was developed to calculate wave directions, since this is not a direct output of the COULWAVE model. Concerning coastal protection, analyses of the mean currents around the reef were used together with observations of the velocity cells near the shoreline as an indication of the sediment transport. 相似文献
953.
Susana Martínez-Lera José Torrico Javier Pallarés Antonia Gil 《Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management》2013,15(3):370-380
Plastic wastes have an especially high potential for use as alternative fuels, considering their high heating value and their large and stable availability. They could be used in electricity production based on gasification technologies, wherein electricity is produced in engines by means of the conversion of plastic wastes into a valuable gas. However, there are still some technical barriers to overcome before this technology can access the commercial stage, and further scientific research is needed to gain deeper understanding of the process and to be able to control and optimize it. This research presents the design and first experimental results of a bubbling fluidized bed gasifier conceived for the gasification of actual plastic residues. The experimental tests revealed that the selection and design of the reactor were adequate and proved some of the advantages of using plastic as a fuel, related in part to the absence of ashes and char. A valuable syngas over 5 MJ/m3 was generated, which contained a considerable fraction of methane as well as hydrogen and carbon monoxide as main combustible gases. The highest efficiency was achieved when the equivalence ratio was increased to 0.35, reaching 61 % in terms of cold gas efficiency and 66 % carbon conversion. 相似文献
954.
Joséphine Joordens 《Journal of Coastal Conservation》1999,5(2):181-186
Communication between scientific disciplines related to coastal management is difficult but essential. Different views on
the role of science in coastal management were key elements of many discussions at the conference. In this personal impression
the author looks back and reflects on the arguments which participants with different scientific back-ground exchanged. 相似文献
955.
This study investigated the impact of employment status (temporary/regular) on the employee–organization relationship in samples from two firms employing both temps (n = 234) and regular or core (n = 204) workers. Temps and regular workers held similar beliefs regarding the nature of their employment relationship. However, among those temps for whom temporary work was their preferred status, the employment relationship was less socioemotional and more economic than was the case for other workers. When these temps preferred regular employment, their relationships were high socioemotional and low economic, comparable with that of core workers. A employee–organization relationship high on socioemotional terms was positively related to satisfaction with the organization, an attitude which in turn mediated the relationship between employment relationship and employees' performance and civic virtue behaviors (behaviors as assessed by their supervisors). Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
956.
957.
Assessment of Coastal Vulnerability Through the Use of GIS Tools in South Sicily (Italy) 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
This study assessed coastal erosion vulnerability along a 90-km sector, which included both erosional and accretionary beaches,
and different levels of human occupation. Two aerial photogrammetric flights were used to reconstruct coastal evolution between
1977 and 1999. During this period, extensive accretion was recorded updrift of human structures at harbors and ports, e.g.,
Scoglitti (105.6 m), Donnalucata (52.8 m), and Pozzallo (94.6 m). Conversely, erosion was recorded in downdrift areas, with
maximum values at Modica Stream mouth (63.8 m) and Point Castellazzo (35.2 m). Assessments were subsequently divided into
four categories ranging from “high erosion” to “accretion.” Several sources were examined to assess human activities and land
use. The latter was mapped and divided into four categories, ranging from “very high” to “no capital” land use. Subsequently,
coastal erosion vulnerability was assessed by combining land use categories with recorded coastline behavior. Results showed
“very high” to “high” vulnerability along 5.8% and 16.6%, respectively, of the littoral, while 20.9% and 56.7%, respectively,
was found to exhibit “medium” and “low/very low” vulnerability. A very good agreement between predicted coastal vulnerability
and coastal trend had been observed over recent years. Furthermore, several human structures and activities are located within
the “imminent collapse zone (ICZ)” which reached maximum values of 17.5 m at Modica Stream and 13.5 m at Point Braccetto. 相似文献
958.
Vink JP 《Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)》2009,157(2):519-527
The speciation of heavy metals was measured over a variety of natural and undisturbed water/sediment interfaces. Simultaneously, two benthic species (oligochaete Limnodrilus spp. and the midge Chironomus riparius) were exposed to these sediments. Under occurring redox conditions, free ion activities of trace metals Cd, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn were measured with a chelating exchange technique, while geochemical conditions (i.e., redox) remained in tact. Free ion activities were compared with total dissolved concentrations in pore waters and surface waters in order to relate speciation to bioaccumulation. Limnodrilus spp. and C. riparius have accumulation patterns that could be linked to time-dependent exposure concentrations, expressed as chemical speciation, in the surface water and the sediment's pore water. Concentrations of free metal ions in the overlying surface water, rather than in sediment pore water, proved to be the best predictor for uptake. For the first time, measurements are obtained from sediments without disturbing physical-chemical conditions and thus bioavailability, a major restriction of other studies so far. 相似文献
959.
Martí Nadal Marta Schuhmacher José L. Domingo 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2009,16(3):322-328
Background, aim, and scope To enforce the implementation of the Kyoto Protocol targets, a number of governmental/international institutions have launched
emission trade schemes as an approach to specify CO2 caps and to regulate the emission trade in recent years. These schemes have been basically applied for large industrial sectors,
including energy producers and energy-intensive users. Among them, cement plants are included among the big greenhouse gas
(GHG) emitters. The use of waste as secondary fuel in clinker kilns is currently an intensive practice worldwide. However,
people living in the vicinity of cement plants, where alternative fuels are being used, are frequently concerned about the
potential increase in health risks. In the present study, a cost–benefit analysis was applied after substituting classical
fuel for sewage sludge as an alternative fuel in a clinker kiln in Catalonia, Spain.
Materials and methods The economical benefits resulting in the reduction of CO2 emissions were compared with the changes in human health risks due to exposure to polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) and carcinogenic metals (As, Cd, Co, and Cr) before and after using sewage sludge to
generate 20% of the thermal energy needed for pyro-processing. The exposure to PCDD/Fs and metals through air inhalation,
soil ingestion and dermal absorption was calculated according to the environmental levels in soil. The carcinogenic risks
were assessed, and the associated cost for the population was estimated by considering the DG Environment’s recommended value
for preventing a statistical fatality (VPF). In turn, the amount of CO2 emitted was calculated, and the economical saving, according to the market prices, was evaluated.
Results The use of sewage sludge as a substitute of conventional energy meant a probability cancer decrease of 4.60 for metals and
a cancer risk increase of 0.04 for PCDD/Fs. Overall, a net reduction of 4.56 cancers for one million people can be estimated.
The associated economical evaluation due to the decreasing cancer for 60,000 people, the current population living near the
cement plant, would be of 0.56 million euros (US$ 0.83 million). In turn, a reduction of 144,000 tons of CO2 emitted between 2003 and 2006 was estimated. Considering a cost of 20 euros per ton of CO2, the global saving would be 2.88 million euros (US$ 4.26 million).
Discussion After the partial substitution of the fuel, the current environmental exposure to metals and PCDD/Fs would even mean a potential
decrease of health risks for the individuals living in the vicinity of the cement plant. The total benefit of using sewage
sludge as an alternative fuel was calculated in 3.44 million euros (US$ 5.09 million). Environmental economics is becoming
an interesting research field to convert environmental benefits (i.e., reduction of health risks, emission of pollutants,
etc.) into economical value.
Conclusions The results show, that while the use of sewage sludge as secondary fuel is beneficial for the reduction in GHG emissions,
no additional health risks for the population derived from PCDD/F and metal emissions are estimated.
Recommendations and perspectives Cost–benefit analysis seems to be a suitable tool to estimate the environmental damage and benefit associated to industrial
processes. Therefore, this should become a generalized practice, mainly for those more impacting sectors such as power industries.
On the other hand, the extension of the study could vastly be enlarged by taking into account other potentially emitted GHGs,
such as CH4 and N2O, as well as other carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic micropollutants. 相似文献
960.
Lluís Cirera Miguel Rodríguez Joaquín Giménez Enrique Jiménez Marc Saez José-Jesús Guillén José Medrano María-Aurelia Martínez-Victoria Ferran Ballester Stella Moreno-Grau Carmen Navarro 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2009,16(2):152-161