Sex,food and conflicts: nutrition dependent nuptial feeding and pre-mating struggles in scorpionflies

Female and male reproductive interests often differ. In species in which matings are accompanied by a transfer of resources valuable for both participants, such as nuptial prey gifts, conflicts may readily occur. Scorpionflies may use alternative mating tactics. One is to offer a prey item (dead arthropod) to females in exchange for mating. This prey gift tactic includes a conflict because a male must decide on whether to offer the gift rather than to fight the female and consume the gift. The outcome may depend on the nutritional status of both males and females. Males may be more willing to give if they themselves are satiated and the condition of the females may influence the payoff from the males’ investment. Similarly, females may be more willing to accept food gifts if they are in poor nutritional condition. In this study of the scorpionfly Panorpa cognata, I experimentally manipulated the feeding history of both males and females. I observed the outcome of the direct interactions that followed when males that were holding prey were approached by females. I found that well-fed males offered the food gift sooner than males in poor nutritional condition that fed extensively on the food item before offering. Female condition had no significant influence on whether prey items were offered by males or accepted by females. I also found that well-fed males rarely searched for prey to pursue the prey gift tactic in courtship. Thus, the prey tactic does not seem to be the males’ first option.     

工业点源大气污染扩散空间信息系统

开发了一个基于高斯扩散的大气污染扩散空间信息系统,用于模拟工业点源污染对区域大气质量的影响。该工业点源污染模型包括工业点源数据库、扩散参数、气象条件和大气质量评价4个主要数据库。用该模型计算上海市主要工业区的SO2排放,结果表明,该模型为模拟SO2污染扩散提供了一个有效便捷的方法。     

An input-output balance study for PCBs in humans

Polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) input-output balance studies were performed on five male volunteers, aged between 24 and 30, for periods of 8-14 days in 1998. Dietary exposure was quantified by the duplicate meals method and varied between 220 and 460 ng of sigmaPCB (sum of 20 congeners) per day for each of the five individuals over the study period. Dietary intake was dominated by congeners 118, 138, 153 and 180. Average faecal outputs for the five volunteers were 50-290 ng of sigmaPCB (sum of 20 congeners) per day for each of the five individuals over the same period and was dominated by the same four congeners. Whilst the total PCB fluxes were therefore into the body (i.e., accumulation), important differences were noted for different individual congeners. PCBs 44, 47, 49, 52, 60, 66, 101, 105, 110, 118, 149, 151 and 183 all showed net absorption for all five volunteers. Some congeners showed a net absorption in some of the individuals but net excretion in others, as seen by other workers. These congeners (PCBs 138, 153, 180, 187 and 194) are all higher chlorinated congeners and lack meta-para-vicinal hydrogen atoms. There were differences in the net absorption/excretion between individuals, which appeared to be a function of body fat index (BFI). The volunteers with the lowest BFIs showed net excretion for the greatest number of congeners, whilst the individual with the highest BFI was a net absorber of all the congeners studied. The problems in determining and interpreting absorption efficiency values for use in quantitative exposure assessments are discussed. Various factors that influence net absorption of PCBs and other persistent organic pollutants are identified. These include compound properties (including susceptibility to metabolism), the individual's fat status and balance, exposure history and diet.     

东北农牧交错带典型区土地利用变化及其生态效应

东北农牧交错带是典型的生态环境脆弱区，具有敏感性强、退化趋势明显等生态脆弱性特征。本文利用1986、2002年两期TM/ETM影像，揭示了吉林西部16年来土地利用／覆被的时空变化规律，并依据Costanza R．等人对全球生态系统服务价值的评估方法。分析了土地利用变化对区域生态系统服务价值的影响。结果表明：16年来，吉林西部土地利用／覆被发生了剧烈变化。耕地、盐碱地面积大幅度增加，草地、水域和湿地的面积大幅度减少，区域生态系统服务功能出现明显的衰退。生态系统服务价值显著地减少。吉林西部生态系统服务价值由1986年的767．1亿元／a下降到2002年的624．1亿元／a，减少幅度达18．6％，年均递减速率达1．6％。16年来该区域生态环境恶化和以经济利益为目的的土地利用结构调整，给区域生态系统服务功能和可持续发展能力带来巨大负面影响。     

应用Modified Gompertz模型对城市生活垃圾沼气发酵的拟合研究

尽管Modified Gompertz模型与料菌比和发酵浓度之间没有直接的函数和变量关系,但是料菌比和浓度的变化必然导致Modified Gompertz模型参数的改变,因此可以通过Modified Gompertz模型参数的变化特征对料菌比和发酵浓度是否适宜作出合理的评价.据此本研究将采用中温批量发酵,分别设计单因素...     

钢铁行业大气环境影响评价方法与建议

按钢铁行业大气环评报告书的结构和顺序,结合HJ 2.2-2008《环境影响评价技术导则大气环境》中的相关技术要求,从评价因子、源强、评价等级、大气监测、大气预测、防护距离等方面出发,分析了钢铁行业大气环评中的评价等级确定、大气监测、大气预测等工作中存在的问题,并提出解决方案和建议对策。     

不同形态的砷水生生物基准探讨及在辽河流域的初步应用

有毒元素砷在我国各流域分布广泛,主要包括三价和五价两种价态,其毒性差别很大,目前我国缺乏本土的砷水质基准研究,而国外的砷水质基准多以总砷表示,科学性有待商榷.因此,本文分别搜集了三价砷、五价砷和总砷对我国本土水生生物的毒性数据,共获得三价砷12属12种,五价砷18种23属,以及总砷25属29种的合格数据.利用美国环保局推荐的物种敏感度排序法,通过数据分析得出,三价砷的急性和慢性基准阈值分别为84.26μg·L-1和56.55μg·L-1,五价砷的急性和慢性基准阈值分别为1171μg·L-1和633.3μg·L-1,总砷的急性和慢性基准阈值分别为264.4μg·L-1和150.7μg·L-1;总砷的基准阈值与美国现行砷基准值相当,而五价砷基准阈值与三价砷基准阈值体现出数量级的差异,因此,需要分价态考虑砷基准的制定.基于推算的砷基准阈值,用商值法评价了辽河流域枯水期总砷暴露的生态风险.检测结果表明,辽河的总砷暴露浓度范围在2.6~82.4μg·L-1之间,全部位点均无风险,但西辽河段上游支流两点位的砷浓度分别超出三价砷慢性基准阈值的1.20和1.45倍,表明可能存在潜在的砷暴露风险.     

左氧氟沙星的超声/H2O2联合降解研究

采用超声/H2O2高级氧化技术对喹诺酮类抗生素左氧氟沙星进行降解,考察了H2O2浓度、超声功率、溶液初始pH值对反应过程的影响.结果表明,与单独超声和H2O2氧化相比,超声/H2O2对左氧氟沙星具有明显的协同降解作用. H2O2 添加浓度在3.0~20.0mmol/L范围, 左氧氟沙星的降解率随其添加浓度的增加而增加;超声功率在260W时降解效果最佳;左氧氟沙星初始浓度在10~30mg/L范围内,左氧氟沙星的降解量随其初始浓度的增加而增加;超声/H2O2降解左氧氟沙星在未调节(pH 7.14)效果最佳. HPLC分析发现降解过程主要有2种产物生成, 产物的生成和分布受体系pH的影响较大.     

锑矿周边稻田土壤垂直剖面锑砷形态与细菌群落结构分布及相互关系

为了解稻田土壤微生物对锑(Sb)和砷(As)污染的长期适应机制,本文以贵州省独山半坡锑矿和某锑矿冶炼厂周边稻田土壤为研究对象.采用野外布点和室内分析的方法,利用Illumina高通量测序技术对稻田垂直剖面土壤细菌16S rRNA V3～V4可变区进行测序,分析了土壤微生物的α多样性、物种丰度差异和组成情况,探讨了不同形态Sb和As在tc1(水耕熟化层)、tc2(渗育层)、tc3(犁底层)和tc4(水耕淀积层)的地球化学行为及其对细菌群落结构的影响.结果表明,研究区Sb和As的来源不同,Sb主要来源于大气沉降和人工投放,As则来源于成土母岩.变形菌门(Proteobacteria)和绿弯菌门(Chloroflexi)为各土层的主要优势菌门,具体表现为变形菌门(Proteobacteria)是tc1和tc2的优势菌门,绿弯菌门(Chloroflexi)是tc3和tc4的优势菌门.土壤剖面各土层多样性指数均在tc1达到最大值,在tc3达到最小值且差异不显著.相对重要性分析表明,总As、As(V)、TS和Fe(II)为影响多样性指数的主要因子.LEfSe分析表明,各土层差异指示种在不同分类水平上各不相同且tc1的数量高于tc2、tc3和tc4.如在门水平,tc1的差异指示种为疣微菌门(Verrucomicrobia),tc3为热袍菌门(Thermotogae),tc4为硝化螺旋菌门(Nitrospirae);在纲水平,tc1为α-变形菌纲(α-proteobacteria),tc2为β-变形菌纲(β-proteobacteria),tc3为热袍菌纲(Thermotogae),tc4为硝化螺旋菌纲(Nitrospirae).RDA分析和相对重要性分析表明,总As、As(III)、Sb(V)、总Sb和pH等对细菌门分类水平具有重要影响.共生网络分析进一步表明,Sb(III)和As(V)虽然对群落结构影响相对较小,但与特征性微生物却存在显著相关性,如Sb(III)与Defluviicoccus属显著相关,而As(V)对β-变形菌纲影响较为显著.     

农业非点源污染田间模型及其应用

非点源污染的负荷定量化研究是控制、评价和管理非点源污染的基础.农业非点源污染负荷估算包括农田排水估算和排水中的污染物浓度预测2个环节.依据水量平衡原理,农田排水应用DRAINMOD模型估算;将农田的施肥和灌溉过程"合成"作为田间污染物浓度的脉冲输入,农田排水中的污染物浓度变化则视作对应于此脉冲输入的响应过程,而污染物在田间的复杂迁移转化过程以逆高斯概率密度函数隐含表达.以此为基础,构建了农田尺度农业非点源污染负荷估算模型.以青铜峡灌区典型试验区为例,对稻田排水沟中硝态氮(NO_3~--N)和总磷(TP)的负荷过程进行了模拟,结果表明,模型估算结果和实测污染物负荷过程非常接近,Nash-Suttcliffe模拟效率系数分别为0.963和0.945,表明该模型具有较高的可靠性.