钠盐类型对表面活性剂清洗煤油污染土壤的强化效应

采用表面活性剂清洗煤油污染土壤,考察添加钠盐对洗脱率的影响,并用Zeta电位仪、表面张力仪对溶液及用接触角仪对清洗前后的土壤进行表征.结果表明,硅酸钠对十二烷基硫酸钠(SDS)清洗的增效作用最明显;酒石酸钠对十二烷基苯磺酸钠(SDBS)及聚氧乙烯月桂醚(Brij35)清洗的增效作用最明显;不同类型钠盐对曲拉通X-100(TX-100)清洗均有一定的增效作用但差别不明显;腐殖酸钠及硅酸钠对皂苷溶液清洗的增效程度相当,但就改良土质而言选用腐殖酸钠作助剂更为合适;硅酸钠对Tw-80清洗的增效作用随着Tw-80浓度的增大而增强,氯化钠和酒石酸钠则相反.钠盐增效清洗的作用机制是降低离子型表面活性剂的表面张力和临界胶束浓度;而非离子型表面活性剂的增效作用则是利用钠盐防止煤油"重吸附"及抗表面活性剂"沉淀",增大胶团体积来实现.接触角测量表明,煤油污染后的土壤亲水性减弱,清洗后接触角变小,亲水性增强,且随着表面活性剂浓度的增大接触角减小,对恢复土壤运输水分和养料正常功能有利.     

外生菌根真菌Xerocomus chrysenteron产漆酶能力及其对外加DDT和重金属的响应

为评价外生菌根真菌红绒盖牛肝菌(Xerocomus chrysenteron)在不同营养条件和污染条件下产漆酶的能力,采用改良的Kottke营养液培养法研究了不同碳氮比、DDT处理和重金属处理对X.chrysenteron漆酶活性的影响,探讨了不同处理对漆酶活性的影响机制。结果表明:(1)X.chrysenteron漆酶粗酶对底物ABTS的米氏常数Km值为0.038 mmol·L-1。在接种X.chrysenteron后,漆酶活性的峰值出现在菌丝生长的稳定期,静置培养63 d后漆酶活性可达118 U·L-1。在静置和振荡条件下,X.chrysenteron在改良的Kottke营养液中的最大产漆酶量均为157 U·L-1,振荡培养不能提高最大漆酶产量。高的碳氮比条件下(葡萄糖与(NH4)2HPO4质量浓度之比为20)可以获得较大的漆酶活性。(2)在培养的第54天,1 mg·L-1 DDT和5 mg·L-1DDT处理的培养基中的漆酶活性相比对照分别提高了0.5倍和1倍,显示出DDT对产漆酶的诱导作用。(3)低浓度(1 mmol·L-1)的不同重金属对X.chrysenteron漆酶活性有不同的影响,在培养的第54天,Cu和Cd能够将漆酶活性分别提高2.6倍和0.3倍,Mn对漆酶活性没有明显的影响,Zn降低了漆酶活性,Hg则完全抑制了漆酶活性。高浓度的Cu(5 mmol·L-1)对漆酶活性的提高不明显,而高浓度的Cd(5 mmol·L-1)则降低了漆酶活性。重金属对X.chrysenteron漆酶活性的影响机制可能包括通过对漆酶基因的诱导或抑制,以及对菌丝生物量的影响,进而对漆酶活性产生影响。研究表明,高的碳氮比、适当质量浓度的DDT处理及低浓度的Cu、Cd处理均能促进X.chrysenteron产漆酶,显示出其在POPs和重金属复合污染环境下对POPs的降解潜力。     

Molecular diversity of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi at a large-scale antimony mining area in southern China

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi(AMF) have great potential for assisting heavy metal hyperaccumulators in the remediation of contaminated soils. However, little information is available about the community composition of AMF under natural conditions in soils contaminated by antimony(Sb). The objective of this study was to investigate the characteristics of AMF molecular diversity, and to explore the effects of Sb content and soil properties on the AMF community structure in an Sb mining area. Four Sb mine spoils and one adjacent reference area were selected from around the Xikuangshan mine in southern China. The association of AMF molecular diversity and community composition with the rhizosphere soils of the dominant plant species was studied by Polymerase Chain Reaction-Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis(PCR-DGGE). Results from all five studied sites showed that the diversity of AMF decreased with increasing Sb concentration. Principal component analysis(PCA) indicated that the AMF community structure was markedly different among these groups. Further redundancy analysis(RDA) showed that Sb contamination was the dominating factor influencing the AMF community structure in the Sb mine area. However, the multivariate analysis showed that, apart from the soil Sb content, extractable nitrogen content and organic matter content also attributed to AMF sequence distribution type. Some AMF sequences were only found in the highly contaminated area and these might be ideal candidates for improving phytoremediation efficiency in Sb mining regions. Gene sequencing analysis revealed that most species were affiliated with Glomus, suggesting that Glomus was the dominant AMF genus in the studied Sb mining area.     

工业企业清洁生产审核实践——以中航沈飞民用飞机有限责任公司为例

文章总结了中航工业沈飞民机公司实施清洁生产审核的实践过程,在对全公司的生产现状、原辅材料消耗、废物产生情况、能源消耗情况进行分析后,针对管理和生产中存在的问题,提出具体的清洁生产方案,论证具体方案的环境经济效益后,投入公司正常生产运行环节,有效削减能源和原料消耗,减少污染物排放水平,提升公司的国际市场竞争力,实现经济和环境的和谐发展。     

城市生活垃圾焚烧持久性有机污染物(POPs)研究进展

综述了城市生活垃圾焚烧过程中涉及的持久性有机污染物的种类、单体分布特征、质量平衡特征、相互转化关系及I-TEQ指示化合物相关研究进展,以期为国内垃圾焚烧厂的污染控制提供新的思路。     

Interactive response of photosynthetic characteristics in Haloxylon ammodendron and Hedysarum scoparium exposed to soil water and air vapor pressure deficits

C₄ plants possess better drought tolerance than C₃ plants. However, Hedysarum scoparium, a C₃ species, is dominant and widely distributed in the desert areas of northwestern China due to its strong drought tolerance. This study compared it with Haloxylon ammodendron, a C₄ species, regarding the interactive effects of drought stress and different leaf–air vapor pressure deficits. Variables of interest included gas exchange, the activity levels of key C₄ photosynthetic enzymes, and cellular anatomy. In both species, gas exchange parameters were more sensitive to high vapor pressure deficit than to strong water stress, and the net CO₂ assimilation rate (A_n) was enhanced as vapor pressure deficits increased. A close relationship between A_n and stomatal conductance (g_s) suggested that the species shared a similar response mechanism. In H. ammodendron, the activity levels of key C₄ enzymes were higher, including those of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPC) and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate-malate enzyme (NADP-ME), whereas in H. scoparium, the activity level of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide-malate enzyme (NAD-ME) was higher. Meanwhile, H. scoparium utilized adaptive structural features, including a larger relative vessel area and a shorter distance from vein to stomata, which facilitated the movement of water. These findings implied that some C₄ biochemical pathways were present in H. scoparium to respond to environmental challenges.     

航道疏浚工程环境影响评价技术评估研究

航道疏浚工程是指为了维护和提高航道尺度,利用挖泥船或其他机具进行航道加深或拓宽的一类工程.航道疏浚工程环境影响评价的技术评估应遵循《建设项目环境影响技术评估导则》,结合水、气、声、固废、生态等环境影响因子,从施工期角度,评估污染源强以及施工工艺和施工时序的合理性,以及工程带来的环境影响及采取的各项环保措施的可靠性、合理性.此类项目重点关注环境问题是疏浚及抛泥工程对水环境及水生生物带来的影响及防治措施.